Gender Identification Beyond the Binary and Its Consequences for Social Well-Being

Bibliographic Data

ID21292200
AuthorsMiriam I Wickham (0000-0001-9442-9323, Utrecht University, corresponding author), Félice van Nunspeet (0000-0002-6190-9109, Utrecht University), Naomi Ellemers (0000-0001-9810-1165, Utrecht University)
Year2023
Volume52
Issue3
Pages1073-1093
Publication date2023-04-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueArchives of Sexual Behavior (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0004-0002 • E-ISSN: 1573-2800
PublisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLC (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1007/s10508-022-02453-x
PMID36376744
OpenAlexW4309028488
LanguageEN
Citations received7
References cited44

Recent societal initiatives (e.g., gender-neutral toilets, clothing, and language) highlight the ongoing shift of gender away from binary categories: “man” and “woman.” We identified and investigated two reasons for this shift: that many people may not identify with strictly binary categories and that this may have negative social consequences. Employing a multiple-identification model, we measured intergroup self-categorization with both men and women (Studies 1 and 2), as well as with a “third gender” (Study 3) and investigated how multiple identifications are related to social well-being (Studies 2 and 3). In Study 1 ( N = 182, mean age = 32.74, 121 women), we found that a binary model was not the best fit for our gender identification data. In Study 2 ( N = 482, mean age = 30.98, 240 AFABs), we found four clusters of gender identification, replicating previous research. Furthermore, we found that gender non-conforming participants reported being less able to be their authentic selves than binary participants. We also found that participants who identified lowly with both binary genders reported lower well-being in general (belongingness, self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect). In Study 3 ( N = 280, mean age = 36.97, 140 AFABs), we found that asking about a third gender seemed to change how much participants reported identifying with men and women. We also found that gender non-conforming participants reported lower authenticity, belongingness, and self-esteem. We conclude that moving away from binary categories of gender may be beneficial to many non-conforming people of different nationalities, including cisgender, heterosexual people

Affect (linguistics) · Belongingness · Categorization · Developmental psychology · Gender dysphoria · Gender identity · Gender role · Identification (biology) · Transgender · Gender Diversity and Inequality · Gender Roles and Identity Studies · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology

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