The problem with ‘anti-anti-missile’ and possible words

Bibliographic Data

ID21335543
AuthorsKamil Lemanek (0000-0002-6260-8973, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, corresponding author)
Year2026
Volume69
Issue4
Pages1797-1813
Publication date2026-04-21
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInquiry (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0020-174X • E-ISSN: 1502-3923
PublisherInforma UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1080/0020174x.2025.2533927
OpenAlexW4413073720
LanguageEN
References cited41

This paper examines the ontological status of possible words by reassessing Hawthorne and Lepore’s argument from morphological productivity, in particular their example involving iterated forms of ‘anti-missile.’ While their position has been challenged by Miller on the grounds that these are merely possible rather than actual words, I explore a deeper concern: that such iterated morphological constructions may not qualify as words in the first place. Drawing on work involving lexicalization and holistic processing, I argue that extreme cases of iterated expressions, like those involving numerous repetitions of ‘anti-’ in ‘anti-missile,’ fail to meet the cognitive and linguistic criteria for wordhood. Instead, they function more like phrases. I then propose an alternative, grounded in coining and modulating reference, which allows for an infinite set of possible words without appealing to problematic morphological recursion. This reframing salvages the philosophical intuition that there is a significant set of unarticulated words, while avoiding the issues inherent in Hawthorne and Lepore’s original formulation

Missile · Aerospace Engineering · Computer Science · Engineering · European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies · Guidance and Control Systems · Intelligence, Security, War Strategy · Medicine

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