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Do Special and General Education Teachers’ Mindset Theories About the Malleability of Writing and Intelligence Predict Their Writing Practices

Bibliographic Data

ID21349983
AuthorsSteve Graham (0000-0002-6702-5865, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA, corresponding author), Stephen Ciullo (0000-0001-6092-8159, Texas State University, San Marcos, USA), Alyson A Collins (0000-0003-3710-2687, Texas State University), Alyson Collins (Texas State University, San Marcos, USA)
Year2024
Volume57
Issue2
Pages63-78
Publication date2024-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Learning Disabilities (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-2194 • E-ISSN: 1538-4780
PublisherSAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/00222194231181915
PMID37415485
OpenAlexW4383480709
LanguageEN
Citations received7
References cited41

Seventy-five general and 65 special education teachers working in the same 65 elementary schools in 12 different U.S. school districts were surveyed about their mindsets concerning the malleability of writing and intelligence as well as their practices for teaching writing. All teachers taught writing to one or more fourth-grade students receiving special education services, including students with learning disabilities. Both general and special education teachers typically held a growth mindset toward the malleability of writing and intelligence. Collectively, these teachers’ mindsets predicted writing frequency (i.e., frequency of students’ writing) and how often they taught writing skills and processes once variance due to teachers’ preparation, efficacy to teach writing, teaching experience, and type of teacher was first controlled. The observed relationships between teachers’ mindsets and reported practices for teaching writing were not mediated by type of teacher (i.e., general or special education). General and special education teachers did not differ in writing frequency for three types of writing collectively (narrative, informative, and persuasive) or how frequently they made 18 adaptations for teaching writing collectively, but general education teachers reported teaching writing skills and processes more often than their special education counterparts. Recommendations for future research and implications for practice are presented

Cognition · Epistemology · Intelligence quotient · Malleability · Mathematics education · Mindset · Pedagogy · Special education · Computer Science · Educational Strategies and Epistemologies · Psychology · Reading and Literacy Development · Writing and Handwriting Education

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    Open Access•Julie S Brehmer, Gary A Troia•Reading and Writing•2026

  • Literature review on teachers’ mindsets, growth-oriented practices and why they matter

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    Open Access•Kristen L McMaster, Erica S Lembke et al.•Journal of Learning Disabilities•2025

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    Open Access•Kati Jääskö-Santala, Sonja Laine et al.•Social Psychology of Education•2025

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  • Teacher Efficacy Research 1998–2009

    Open Access•Robert M Klassen, Virginia M C Tze et al.•Educational Psychology Review•2011

  • A Revised Writer(s)-Within-Community Model of Writing

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Unique citing works7
Citations per year2,33
Citation span2023 - 2026 (4)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 6

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