Does Feminization Always Lead to Declines in Earnings? Evidence from China's Marketization (1988 to 2013)
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 2144062 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Meiying Li (0000-0002-7655-0493, University of Southern California, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2023 |
| Volume | 64 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 676-701 |
| Publication date | 2023-10-02 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Sociological Quarterly (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0038-0253 • E-ISSN: 1533-8525 |
| Publisher | Informa UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/00380253.2023.2228366 |
| OpenAlex | W4383198442 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 2 |
| References cited | 75 |
One explanation of increasing gender earnings inequality during China’s marketization is the increasing representation of women in industries and occupations in which, on average, earnings are declining. I argue that focusing on the average relationship between feminization and earnings is insufficient to understand complex changes in gender inequality during this period. I hypothesize that the feminization-earnings relationship may vary by industry because of differences in devaluation, social closure, and earnings-setting mechanisms. The hypotheses are tested using data from the China Household Income Project (1988– 2013) in industry-province level fixed-effects models. Results support the hypotheses that focus on industry-specific contexts. Specifically, feminization is not negatively associated with earnings in state-monopolized industries, where earnings are protected, and finance-insurance industries, where high-skilled female-typed skills have been increasingly in demand. I discuss implications for understanding segregation amongst the highly educated
China · Demographic economics · Devaluation · Earnings · Economics · Feminization (sociology) · Inequality · Labour economics · Marketization · Monetary economics · Political science · Sociology · Employment and Welfare Studies · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality · Social Policy and Reform Studies
Job Queues, Gender Queues
Work and inequality in urban China
Leaving the Countryside
The Origins and Social Consequences of China's Hukou System
The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market
China's health care system reform
A Grand Gender Convergence
The Strong State and Curriculum Reform
Leftover Women
Occupational Devaluation Due to Feminization? Causal Mechanics, Effect Heterogeneity, and Evidence from the United States, 1960 to 2010
Up the Down Staircase
Through the gender lens
Flexible Hours, Workplace Authority, and Compensating Wage Differentials in the US
Decentralization, Marketization, and Globalization
Trends in Occupational Sex Segregation in Urban China
Unequal Care, Unequal Work
Marketization and income distribution in urban China, 1988 and 1995
China’s education policy-making
Differentiation of rural development driven by industrialization and urbanization in eastern coastal China
The effect of the sex composition of jobs on starting wages in an organization
A Second Look at the Process of Occupational Feminization and Pay Reduction in Occupations
Trends in Occupational Segregation by Gender 1970–2009
Market Transition and Gender Segregation in Urban China
Bringing Productivity Back In
Occupational Feminization and Pay
A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes
Regional Variation in Earnings Inequality in Reform-Era Urban China
Re‐Drawing Boundaries
Two Multilevel Modeling Techniques for Analyzing Comparative Longitudinal Survey Datasets
A General Framework for Comparing Predictions and Marginal Effects across Models
Getting the Within Estimator of Cross-Level Interactions in Multilevel Models with Pooled Cross-Sections
What Determines Migrant Workers’ Life Chances in Contemporary China? Hukou, Social Exclusion, and the Market
The Cost of Workplace Flexibility for High-Powered Professionals
Individuals, Jobs, and Labor Markets
Industrial Restructuring, Gender Segregation, and Sex Differences in Earnings
Market Transition and the Deinstitutionalization of Standard Work Hours in Post-Socialist China
How Welfare States Shape the Gender Pay Gap
Male Advantage and the Gender Composition of Jobs
Market Transition and Gender Gap in Earnings in Urban China
Dynamics of the Gender Earnings Inequality in Reform-Era Urban China
Do Female Occupations Pay Less but Offer More Benefits
The Gender Revolution
The Gender Wage Gap, Between-Firm Inequality, and Devaluation
Gender Inequality Across Local Wage Hierarchies
Chinese Social Stratification and Social Mobility
Inequality and Social Stratification in Postsocialist China
Wages of Nurturant and Reproductive Care Workers
The Persistence of Extreme Gender Segregation in the Twenty-first Century
Indulging Our Gendered Selves? Sex Segregation by Field of Study in 44 Countries
A Welfare State Paradox
Sex Segregation, Labor Process Organization, and Gender Earnings Inequality
Why Do Some Occupations Pay More than Others? Social Closure and Earnings Inequality in the United States
Models for Describing the Underlying Structure of Sex Segregation
Marketization, occupational segregation, and gender earnings inequality in urban China
Feeling good about the iron rice bowl
Does bad pay cause occupations to feminize, Does feminization reduce pay, and How can we tell with longitudinal data
| Unique citing works | 2 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 2 |
| Citation span | 2025 - 2026 (2) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 2 |