Income transfers and vaccination
Impact on Covid-19 mortality and hospitalizations in Brazil. A longitudinal ecological study
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 21483024 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Mônica S Monteiro De Castro (0000-0003-2461-3699, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz), Anelise Andrade De Souza (0000-0002-2408-7054, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, corresponding author), Guilherme Lopes de Oliveira (0000-0003-3220-6356, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais), Gibson Dall''Orto Muniz Da Silva (0000-0002-1145-3940, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz), Gabriela Drummond Marques Da Silva, Letícia Lemos Jardim (0000-0003-3358-0075, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais), Wanessa Debôrtoli De Miranda (0000-0002-0838-9861, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Rômulo Sousa-Paes (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz) |
| Year | 2026 |
| Volume | 40 |
| Pages | 102580 |
| Publication date | 2026-01-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Gaceta Sanitaria (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0213-9111 • E-ISSN: 1578-1283 |
| Publisher | Elsevier BV (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.gaceta.2026.102580 |
| PMID | 41775017 |
| OpenAlex | W7133245169 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 18 |
To analyze whether Emergency Aid Program (EAP) availability and COVID-19 vaccination were associated to changes in hospitalizations and mortality due to COVID-19 in Brazil. This was a longitudinal ecological study with 5570 Brazilian municipalities as analysis units. Data from March 2020 to December 2021 were analysed. As control covariates, we considered socioeconomic, sociodemographic and morbidity characteristics and health services access, including COVID-19 testing availability and vaccination. Bayesian hierarchical models were adjusted with spatial and temporal effects. EAP coverage (RR: 0.986; 95%CI: 0.984-0.988) and COVID-19 vaccine first dose coverage (RR: 0.982; 95%CI: 0.979-0.985) exhibited a negative association with the relative risk of COVID-19 hospitalization in Brazil. EAP coverage (RR: 0 . 975; 95%CI: 0.973-0.977), first-dose COVID-19 vaccine coverage (RR: 0.983; 95%CI: 0.981-0.985), and coverage of regular vaccination in children under 5 years old (RR: 0.996; 95%CI: 0.994-0.996) exhibited a negative association with COVID-19 mortality. The results highlight the important role of income transfer in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, as well as the complementary effects and relevance of strengthening social protection policies and vaccination efforts in reducing severe cases in a pandemic scenario. Analizar si la disponibilidad del Programa de Auxilio de Emergencia (PAE) y la vacunación contra la COVID-19 se asociaron con una reducción de la morbilidad y la mortalidad por COVID-19. Estudio ecológico longitudinal, con 5570 municipios brasileños como unidades de análisis. Se analizaron datos correspondientes al periodo de marzo de 2020 a diciembre de 2021. Como covariables de control se consideraron las características socioeconómicas, sociodemográficas y de morbilidad, así como el acceso a servicios de salud, incluyendo la disponibilidad de pruebas diagnósticas para COVID-19 y la vacunación. Se ajustaron modelos jerárquicos bayesianos con efectos espaciales y temporales. La cobertura del PAE (RR: 0,986; IC95%: 0,984-0,988) y la cobertura de la primera dosis de la vacuna contra la COVID-19 (RR: 0,982; IC95%: 0,979-0,985) mostraron una asociación negativa con el riesgo relativo de hospitalización por COVID-19 en Brasil. La cobertura del PAE (RR: 0,975; IC95%: 0,973-0,977), la cobertura de la primera dosis de la vacuna contra la COVID-19 (RR: 0,983; IC95%: 0,981-0,985) y la cobertura de la vacunación sistemática en niños menores de 5 años (RR: 0,996; IC95%: 0,994-0,996) se asociaron negativamente con la mortalidad por COVID-19. Los resultados destacan el papel relevante de la transferencia de ingresos en la morbilidad y la mortalidad por COVID-19, así como los efectos complementarios y la importancia de fortalecer las políticas de protección social y los esfuerzos de vacunación para reducir los casos graves en un escenario pandémico
Ecological study · Longitudinal data · Longitudinal study · Low and middle income countries · MEDLINE · Pandemic · COVID-19 epidemiological studies · COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts · Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics
Approximate Bayesian Inference for Latent Gaussian models by using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations
GlmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero-inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling
Unequal impact of Covid-19 on excess deaths, life expectancy, and premature mortality in Spanish regions (2020-2021)
Spatial clusters and social inequities in Covid-19 vaccine coverage among children in Brazil
Covid-19
Desigualdades em Saúde
Health inequalities in Brazil
| Citation velocity | historical |
|---|---|
| Highly cited | No |