Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the State Shame and Guilt Scale
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 21564541 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Bruna Veloso (0000-0002-0680-8129, Portucalense University, corresponding author), Ana Xavier (0000-0002-1703-4712, Portucalense University), Lara Palmeira (0000-0001-7191-1002, Portucalense University) |
| Year | 2026 |
| Pages | 1-16 |
| Publication date | 2026-07-06 |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0748-1756 • E-ISSN: 1947-6302 |
| Publisher | Informa UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/07481756.2026.2696568 |
| OpenAlex | W7167481532 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 50 |
Objective To examine the factor structure, reliability, validity, and measurement invariance of the Portuguese State Shame and Guilt Scale (SSGS).Method Participants were 286 adults (M age = 36.9; 83% female), including 113 women who experienced pregnancy loss within the past 12 months. In this online study with a 3-week follow-up, participants completed the SSGS and measures of self-compassion, shame, anxiety, depression, and mental health.Results Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure (shame, guilt, pride) with acceptable fit. Multi-group analysis supported measurement invariance. The pregnancy loss group reported higher shame (d=.60) and lower pride (d=.67) than the general population, with no guilt differences. Internal consistency (α >.84) and temporal stability (r >.77) were high.Conclusions SSGS scores demonstrated validity evidence for clinical assessment. Counselors can utilize scores to differentiate maladaptive shame from guilt, facilitating tailored interventions, particularly for identifying women at risk of distress following pregnancy loss
Confirmatory factor analysis · Measurement invariance · Psychometrics · Shame · Emotions and Moral Behavior · Personality Traits and Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology
Validation study of a Portuguese version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Measurement invariance
Conceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of shame and guilt
Evaluation of the mental health continuum–short form (MHC–SF) in setswana‐speaking South Africans
From grief, guilt pain and stigma to hope and pride – a systematic review and meta-analysis of mixed-method research of the psychosocial impact of stillbirth
Multiple-Group Invariance with Categorical Outcomes Using Updated Guidelines
The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others
When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions.
Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance
Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis
Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
A new measure to assess external and internal shame
Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms
Comparing shame in clinical and nonclinical populations
Shame and guilt activations
Psychosocial effects of adverse pregnancy outcomes and their influence on reporting pregnancy loss during surveys and surveillance
Investigating the Compass of Shame
Testing for Factorial Invariance in the Context of Construct Validation
A Step-by-Step Tutorial to Conducting and Interpreting Measurement Invariance Testing for Counselors and Assessment Professionals
Making Sense of Test Score Validity in Counseling Assessment
Measurement invariance conventions and reporting
The Portuguese Adaptation of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form for Adult Population
Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior
Target Article
Self-Compassion
| Highly cited | No |
|---|