A Review on the Use of Large Language Models as Virtual Tutors
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 21585594 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Silvia García-Méndez (0000-0003-0533-1303, Universidade de Vigo, corresponding author), Francisco de Arriba-Pérez (0000-0002-1140-679X, Universidade de Vigo), María del Carmen Somoza-López (0000-0001-8709-684X, Universidade de Vigo) |
| Year | 2025 |
| Volume | 34 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 877-892 |
| Publication date | 2025-04-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Science & Education (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0926-7220 • E-ISSN: 1573-1901 |
| Publisher | Springer Science and Business Media LLC (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1007/s11191-024-00530-2 |
| OpenAlex | W4397034170 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 1 |
| References cited | 63 |
Transformer architectures contribute to managing long-term dependencies for natural language processing, representing one of the most recent changes in the field. These architectures are the basis of the innovative, cutting-edge large language models (LLMs) that have produced a huge buzz in several fields and industrial sectors, among the ones education stands out. Accordingly, these generative artificial intelligence-based solutions have directed the change in techniques and the evolution in educational methods and contents, along with network infrastructure, towards high-quality learning. Given the popularity of LLMs, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of those solutions designed specifically to generate and evaluate educational materials and which involve students and teachers in their design or experimental plan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review of educational applications (e.g., student assessment) of LLMs. As expected, the most common role of these systems is as virtual tutors for automatic question generation. Moreover, the most popular models are GPT-3 and BERT. However, due to the continuous launch of new generative models, new works are expected to be published shortly
Computer Science · Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning · Online Learning and Analytics · Topic Modeling
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Human- versus Artificial Intelligence
ChatGPT Utility in Healthcare Education, Research, and Practice
Examining Science Education in ChatGPT
Evolution and Revolution in Artificial Intelligence in Education
Academic Integrity considerations of AI Large Language Models in the post-pandemic era
Education in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)
ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education
The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education
Collaborating With ChatGPT
Enhancing Computational Thinking Skills Through Artificial Intelligence Education at a STEAM High School
Developing Students’ Critical Thinking Skills and Argumentation Abilities Through Augmented Reality–Based Argumentation Activities in Science Classes
Agency and Transformative Potential of Technology in Students’ Images of the Future
Long-Lasting Conceptual Change in Science Education
ChatGPT
| Unique citing works | 1 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 1 |
| Citation span | 2026 - 2026 (1) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 1 |