Are there fitness benefits to violence? The case of medieval Iceland

Bibliographic Data

ID21651114
AuthorsR I M Dunbar (0000-0002-9982-9702, University of Oxford, corresponding author), Anna Wallette (Lund University)
Year2024
Volume45
Issue5
Pages106614
Publication date2024-09-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueEvolution and Human Behavior (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1090-5138 • E-ISSN: 1879-0607
PublisherElsevier BV (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106614
OpenAlexW4401529456
LanguageEN
References cited56

Males that behave violently to achieve social and reproductive objectives are a widespread phenomenon among mammals, as well as humans. Because this kind of behaviour can be socially very disruptive, its continued survival in human populations, in particular, remains a puzzle. We use historical data on the pedigrees of medieval Icelandic Vikings to test the hypothesis that males who killed had higher fitness than other males. Whereas most studies that examine the evolutionary benefits of behaviour focus on the numbers of offspring sired, in this paper we measure fitness more directly in terms of the number of grandchildren produced both directly and indirectly via collateral relatives, as well as determining the costs of pursuing alternative strategies in terms of experienced mortality rates. We show that, on average, killers gain a very significant fitness advantage despite the often high costs they pay and, more importantly, that they had a dramatic effect on the fitness of their male kin. We suggest that such behaviour represents a phenotypic, rather than genetic, response to opportunities provided by local circumstances

Sociology · Demography · Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior · Folklore, Mythology, and Literature Studies · History · Psychology

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