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Living for the city

Urban displacement and incarceration in Wright'sNative Sonand Rajabu's 'Masudi

Bibliographic Data

ID2172953
AuthorsAaron Louis Rosenberg (0000-0001-7989-741X, corresponding author)
Year2012
Volume24
Issue1
Pages35-53
Publication date2012-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of African Cultural Studies (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1369-6815 • E-ISSN: 1469-9346
PublisherInforma UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1080/13696815.2012.666867
OpenAlexW2005925572
LanguageEN
Citations received1
References cited12

One of the neglected areas of globalization studies is the movement of people within countries. In post-colonial African nations and the antebellum United States, migration patterns have often been to urban areas. Two creative works which bear witness to these relocations are Richard Wright's novel Native Son and Marijani Rajabu's popular song 'Masudi'. Both works confront the alienation and incarceration of young black men who find themselves unable to integrate into the urban geographies of Chicago and Dar es Salaam through different rhetorical strategies orchestrated in order to precipitate realizations in their respective audiences. Mojawapo ya malengo yasiosisitizwa katika masomo ya utandawazi ni yale yanayohusiana na uhamiaji wa watu ndani ya nchi zao. Kwenye nchi za Afrika baada ya uhuru na nchi ya Marekani baada ya tarikhi ya utumwa uhamiaji wingi ulikuwa ukielekea kwenye miji mikubwa. Kazi mbili za ubunifu ambazo hushuhudia uhamiaji huo ni riwaya ya Native Son ya Richard Wright na wimbo wa "Masudi" uliotungwa na Marijani Rajabu. Kazi hizo zote mbili zinakabiliana na kutengwa na kufungwa jela kwa vijana wawili weusi ambao wanajikuta hawawezi kujijumlisha na majiografia ya miji ya Chicago na Dar es Salaam. Wasanii hawa hutumia mbinu za balagha za tofauti ili kusababisha matekelezo akilini mwa hadhira zao binafsi. Maneno maalum: mahusiano kati ya nakala; uhamiaji; masomo ya Afrika; kufananisha mbinu za fasihi; masomo ya kustaarabika mjini Keywords: hypertextualitymigrationAfricana studiescross-genre studiesurbanization Notes See Arnesen (2002) Arnesen, Eric. 2002. Black protest and the great migration: A brief history with documents, Bedford: St. Martin's Press. [Google Scholar], Grossman (1991) Grossman, James R. 1991. Land of hope: Chicago, black southerners, and the great migration, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. [Google Scholar], and Lemann (1991) Lemann, Nicholas. 1991. The promised land: The great black migration and how it changed America, NY: Vintage Press. [Google Scholar]. 'The collapse of meaning in life – the eclipse of hope and absence of love of self and others, the breakdown of family and neighborhood bonds – leads to the social deracination and cultural denudement of urban dwellers, especially children. We have created rootless, dangling people with little link to the supportive networks – family, friends, school – that sustain some sense of purpose in life' (West 1993 West, Cornel. 1993. Race matters, Boston, MA: Beacon Press. [Google Scholar], 5). See Briggs (1979) Briggs, John. 1979. Villagisation and the 1974–6 Economic Crisis in Tanzania. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 17(4): 695–702. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Kjekhsus (1977) Kjekhsus, Helge. 1977. The Tanzanian villagization policy: Implementational lessons and ecological dimensions. Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, 11(2): 269–82. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Mohiddin (1968 Mohiddin, Ahmed. 1968. Ujamaa: A commentary on President Nyerere's vision of Tanzanian Society. African Affairs, 67(267): 130–43. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). See Stöger-Eising (2000) Stöger-Eising, Viktoria. 2000. 'Ujamaa' revisited: Indigenous and European influences in Nyerere's social and political thought. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 70(1): 118–43. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. See McHenry (1976) McHenry, Dean E., Jr. 1976. The Ujamaa village in Tanzania: A comparison with Chinese, Soviet and Mexican experiences in collectivization. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 18(3): 347–70. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. See Schneider (2004) Schneider, Leander. 2004. Freedom and unfreedom in rural development: Julius Nyerere, ujamaa vijijini, and villagization. Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, 38(2): 344–92. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]. For a thorough analysis of the extent to which Tanzanian post-colonial anti-urbanization policies demonstrate a strong reliance on colonial British policies of discouraging African urban settlement see Andrew Burton's (2005) Burton, Andrew. 2005. African underclass: Urbanisation, crime & colonial order in Dar es Salaam, Oxford: James Currey. [Google Scholar] book African Underclass. See Kenneth Kinnamon (1997) Kinnamon, Kenneth. 1997. "Introduction". In Critical essays on Richard Wright's Native Son, Edited by: Kinnamon, Kenneth. 1–34. New York: Twayne. [Google Scholar], James Baldwin (1998) Baldwin, James. 1998. "Many thousands gone". In Collected essays, 19–34. New York: Literary Classics of the United States. [Google Scholar], Ralph Ellison (1964) Ellison, Ralph. 1964. Shadow and act, New York: Random House. [Google Scholar]. See Robert Bone (1958) Bone, Robert. 1958. Negro novel in America, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar] and Frantz Fanon (1971) Fanon, Frantz. 1971. Peau Noire Masques Blancs, Paris: Points French. [Google Scholar] as well as Allesandro Portelli's (1997) Portelli, Alessandro. 1997. "Ón the lower frequencies: Sound and meaning in Native Son". In Critical essays on Richard Wright, Edited by: Kinnamon, Keneth. 213–49. New York: Twayne. [Google Scholar] analysis of 'sound patterns' in Wright's novel. See Lawrence Rodgers, Canaan Bound: The African-American Great Migration Novel and Bernard Bell's The Afro-American Novel and its Tradition (1987 Bell, Bernard. 1987. The Afro-American novel and its tradition, Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts. [Google Scholar]). Aimé J. Ellis's (2006) Ellis, Aimé J. 2006. 'Boys in the hood': Black male community in Richard Wright's Native Son. Callaloo. 29(1): 182–201. [Google Scholar] work compares Wright's male figures and their urban desperado lifestyle to those presented in rap songs, hence providing a link to my own scholarly endeavour here and the expression of similar problematics of youth integration in urban settings and their expression through song. See Bonnie Barthold (1981) Barthold, Bonnie. 1981. Black time: Fiction of Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar] and Toru Kiuchi (1982) Kiuchi, Toru. 1982. Richard Wright's Native Son and Alan Paton's Cry, the Beloved Country. Waseda Daigaku Eibungaku, 56(25): 71–9. [Google Scholar]. See Kelly Askew (2002) Askew, Kelly. 2002. Performing the nation: Swahili music and cultural politics in Tanzania, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. [Google Scholar] and Aaron Rosenberg (2011) Rosenberg, Aaron. 2011. Eastern African popular songs: Verbal art in states of transformation, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. [Google Scholar]. See Rose-Marie Beck (1992) Beck, Rose-Marie. 1992. Women are devils! A formal and stylistic analysis of Mwanameka. Matatu, 9: 115–32. [Google Scholar] and Miguel Suleyman (2006) Suleyman, Miguel. 2006. Seventies music is all the rage again. 29 October. http://myafrica.wordpress.com/2006/10/29/east-africa-seventies-music-is-all-the-rage-again/ (accessed May 15, 2008) [Google Scholar]. See Fahamisha Brown (1999) Brown, Patricia Fahamisha. 1999. Performing the word: African American poetry as vernacular culture, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. [Google Scholar] and Thomas Hale (1990) Hale, Thomas A. 1990. Scribe, griot and novelist: Narrative interpreters of the Songhay Empire, Gainesville: University Press of Florida. [Google Scholar]. See Malaika Adero's collection of primary and secondary materials in Up South (1993 Adero, Malaika. 1993. Up south: Stories, studies, and letters of this century's black migrations, Edited by: Adero, Malaika. New York: The New Press. [Google Scholar]). See Andrew Burton's African Underclass (2005) for a thorough explanation of the British colonial division of Dar es Salaam into zones on the basis of race. For more information on nguvu kazi see National Archives, 'The informal sector in Tanzania'. See Voice of a Native Son by Eugene Miller (1990) Miller, Eugene. 1990. Voice of a Native Son, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. [Google Scholar] and The African Epic Controversy by Mugyabuso Mulokozi (2002) Mulokozi, Mugyabuso M. 2002. The African epic controversy: Historical perspectives on epic poetry and performance, Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. [Google Scholar]. See Caren Irr (1997) Irr, Caren. 1997. "The politics of spatial phobias in Native Son". In Critical essays on Richard Wright, Edited by: Kinnamon, Keneth. 196–212. New York: Twayne. [Google Scholar]. She notes, for example, 'the Tanzanian government's appeal to musicians in 1967 to help to spread its new policies of socialism and self-reliance to the people through song' (1970, 298

Alienation · Archaeology · Art · Art history · Colonialism · Ethnology · Humanities · Political science · Relocation · Sociology · Witness · Wright · Art, Politics, and Modernism · Cultural History and Identity Formation · Fashion and Cultural Textiles · History · Law · Philosophy · Religious Studies

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Unique citing works1
Citations per year0,5
Citation span2024 - 2024 (1)
Citation velocityrecent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 1

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