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Use and Interpretation of Emoji in Electronic-Mediated Communication

A Survey

Bibliographic Data

ID21747717
AuthorsAgnese Sampietro (0000-0001-7472-6021, corresponding author)
Year2020
Volume27
Issue1
Pages27-39
Publication date2020-01-02
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueVisual Communication Quarterly (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1555-1393 • E-ISSN: 1555-1407
PublisherInforma UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1080/15551393.2019.1707086
OpenAlexW3011292241
LanguageEN
Citations received12
References cited35

Among the pictorial representations that have succeeded in electronic-mediated communication (EMC), the rise of emoji is of special interest, as they have widely spread around the world. This article reports on the results of a survey conducted among students and staff of a large Spanish university (63% women) on the use of emoticons and emoji and their interpretation. Results confirm the preference for emoji over emoticons. The responses also disclosed emerging norms on the use and functions of these pictographs in EMC: Emoji are considered more “expressive” than emoticons, and messages without these cues are judged as “rude.” Regarding the interpretation of emoji, the survey shows that it heavily relies on preexisting iconography, even if new visual conventions are developing

Emoji · Linguistics · Preference · Social media · World Wide Web · Computer Science · Digital Communication and Language · Discourse Analysis in Language Studies · Media, Communication, and Education · Psychology

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    Open Access•Avner Caspi, Guy Raz•Media Psychology•2025

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    Open Access•Isabelle Boutet, Megan LeBlanc et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2021

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    Ruslan Suleymanov, Daniil Lebedev•International Journal of Social…•2024

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    Open Access•Elisa Bisagno, Simone Pinetti et al.•Cyberpsychology Journal of…•2025

  • Speech Acts of Suggestion in Social Media Communication

    Open Access•Sami Saad Alghamdi, Dhaif Alzahrani et al.•Journal of Intercultural…•2026

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  • Motives, frequency and attitudes toward emoji and emoticon use

    Open Access•Marília Prada, D Rodrigues et al.•Telematics and Informatics•2018

  • Emoji at MoMA

    Open Access•Soojin Lee•First Monday•2018

  • More emojis, less

    Open Access•Umashanthi Pavalanathan, Jacob Eisenstein•First Monday•2016

  • Functions of emojis in WhatsApp interaction among Omanis

    Open Access•Fathiya Al Rashdi•Discourse Context & Media•2018

  • Facial expressions in comics

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  • The Communicative Functions of Emoticons in Workplace E-Mails

    Open Access•Karianne Skovholt, Anette Grønning et al.•Journal of Computer-Mediated…•2014

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    Open Access•Eli Dresner, Susan C Herring•Communication Theory•2010

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    Open Access•Adrian Lewis, A David Lewis•The Journal of Popular Culture•2007

  • Embarrassment

    Dacher Keltner, Brenda N Buswell•Psychological Bulletin•1997

  • Emoji and rapport management in Spanish WhatsApp chats

    Open Access•Agnese Sampietro•Journal of Pragmatics•2019

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    Open Access•Ilona Vandergriff•Journal of Pragmatics•2013

  • Is ☺ Smiling? Cross-Cultural Study on Recognition of Emoticon's Emotion

    Open Access•Kohske Takahashi, Takanori Oishi et al.•Journal of Cross-Cultural…•2017

Unique citing works12
Citations per year2,4
Citation span2021 - 2026 (6)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 12

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