Indications of Referee Bias in Division I Women’s College Volleyball

Testing Expectancy Violations and Examining Nonverbal Communication

Datos Bibliográficos

ID21834129
AutoresAndrew Dix (0000-0002-5242-7693, Middle Tennessee State University, autor de correspondencia)
Año2023
Volumen16
Número4
Páginas414-422
Fecha de publicación2023-12-01
Peer ReviewedSí
Open AccessNo
TipoARTICLE
RevistaInternational Journal of Sport Communication (JOURNAL)
Identificadores de la revistaISSN: 1936-3907 • E-ISSN: 1936-3915
EditorialHuman Kinetics (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1123/ijsc.2023-0050
OpenAlexW4365396396
IdiomaEN
Citas recibidas2
Referencias citadas15

This research examined the ball-handling errors that referees called against historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in Division I women’s college volleyball. A ball-handling error is an impermissible nonverbal communicative act such as a ball being lifted, a ball being thrown, or a ball being double hit. Previous research on referee bias was reviewed. Expectancy violations theory served as the theoretical frame because it focuses on nonverbal behaviors and how a message receiver responds to violations. Using publicly available data, this research sought to draw points of comparison between HBCUs and predominantly White institutions. The uncovered data revealed that referees called more ball-handling errors per set against HBCUs relative to predominantly White institutions. Furthermore, only HBCU conferences were penalized at a statistically significant level, while no predominantly White institution conferences were penalized at a statistically significant level. Theoretical implications for expectancy violations theory and practical implications for HBCUs were the focus of the study discussion

Developmental psychology · Expectancy theory · Higher education · Historically black colleges and universities · Nonverbal communication · Political science · Communication in Education and Healthcare · Law · Psychology · Social Psychology · Sports Analytics and Performance · Sports, Gender, and Society