Challenges Faced by Arab International Students in Western Academic Environments

This study presents a critical literature review focusing on the multilayered adaptation experiences of Arab students in Western academia. Drawing on Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, the review analyzes findings from empirical studies conducted in the U.S., the U.K., and Turkey. Although Turkey is often perceived as a Muslim country culturally close to the Arab world, the literature reveals substantial adjustment challenges for Arab students even there—underscoring the magnitude of difficulties when transitioning into Western, liberal academic institutions.The review identifies linguistic, cultural, gender-based, and institutional barriers and highlights a significant gap between Arab students' communicative and cultural styles and the expectations of Western academic environments. These discrepancies manifest in difficulties engaging in critical discourse, navigating conflicts between religious identity and institutional demands, and experiencing subtle forms of exclusion. The study emphasizes the urgent need for culturally responsive institutional policies, including emotional support, religious accommodations, and recognition of diverse cultural and gender identities. Received: 18 September 2025 / Accepted: 29 October 2025 / Published: November 2025

Academic community · Cultural diversity · Cultural identity · Empirical research · Middle East · Western literature · Higher Education Governance and Development · International Student and Expatriate Challenges · Socioeconomic Development in MENA