A tale of two exemplars

The maternal and newborn mortality transitions of two state clusters in India

Bibliographic Data

ID21880696
AuthorsUsha Ram (0000-0001-6722-7347, International Institute for Population Sciences), Banadakoppa M Ramesh (0000-0003-3038-4415, University of Manitoba), Andrea Katryn Blanchard (0000-0002-5118-8942, University of Manitoba, corresponding author), Kerry Scott (0000-0003-3597-9637, Johns Hopkins University), Prakash Kumar (0000-0002-1376-5745, International Institute for Population Sciences), Ritu Agrawal (0009-0000-8622-8249, India Health Action Trust), Reynold Washington (0000-0003-1245-8425, India Health Action Trust), Himanshu Bhushan (National Health Systems Resource Centre)
Year2024
Volume9
IssueSuppl 2
Pagese011413
Publication date2024-05-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueBMJ Global Health (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2059-7908 • E-ISSN: 2059-7908
PublisherBMJ (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011413
PMID38770811
OpenAlexW4396677249
LanguageEN
Citations received3
References cited40

BACKGROUND: India's progress in reducing maternal and newborn mortality since the 1990s has been exemplary across diverse contexts. This paper examines progress in two state clusters: higher mortality states (HMS) with lower per capita income and lower mortality states (LMS) with higher per capita income. METHODS: We characterised state clusters' progress in five characteristics of a mortality transition model (mortality levels, causes, health intervention coverage/equity, fertility and socioeconomic development) and examined health policy and systems changes. We conducted quantitative trend analyses, and qualitative document review, interviews and discussions with national and state experts. RESULTS: Both clusters reduced maternal and neonatal mortality by over two-thirds and half respectively during 2000-2018. Neonatal deaths declined in HMS most on days 3-27, and in LMS on days 0-2. From 2005 to 2018, HMS improved coverage of antenatal care with contents (ANCq), institutional delivery and postnatal care (PNC) by over three-fold. In LMS, ANCq, institutional delivery and PNC rose by 1.4-fold. C-sections among the poorest increased from 1.5% to 7.1% in HMS and 5.6% to 19.4% in LMS.Fewer high-risk births (to mothers <18 or 36+ years, birth interval <2 years, birth order 3+) contributed 15% and 6% to neonatal mortality decline in HMS and LMS, respectively. Socioeconomic development improved in both clusters between 2005 and 2021; HMS saw more rapid increases than LMS in women's literacy (1.5-fold), household electricity (by 2-fold), improved sanitation (3.2-fold) and telephone access (6-fold).India's National (Rural) Health Mission's financial and administrative flexibility allowed states to tailor health system reforms. HMS expanded public health resources and financial schemes, while LMS further improved care at hospitals and among the poorest. CONCLUSION: Two state clusters in India progressed in different mortality transitions, with efforts to maximise coverage at increasingly advanced levels of healthcare, alongside socioeconomic improvements. The transition model characterises progress and guides further advances in maternal and newborn survival

Child mortality · Developing country · Economic growth · Economics · Environmental health · Infant mortality · Life expectancy · Literacy · Mortality rate · Per capita · Population · Sanitation · Socioeconomic status · Demography · Global Maternal and Child Health · Healthcare Systems and Reforms · Medicine · Social and Economic Development in India

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