A Weighted k-Nearest-Neighbors-Based Spatial Framework of Flood Inundation Risk for Coastal Tourism—A Case Study in Zhejiang, China

Datos Bibliográficos

ID22033189
AutoresShuang Liu (0000-0002-8749-3607, Huzhou Vocational and Technical College), Nengzhi Tan (Huzhou University), Rui Liu (0000-0002-1489-731X, Capital Normal University, autor de correspondencia)
Año2023
Volumen12
Número11
Páginas463
Fecha de publicación2023-11-13
Peer ReviewedSí
Open AccessSí
TipoARTICLE
RevistaISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (JOURNAL)
Identificadores de la revistaISSN: 2220-9964 • E-ISSN: 2220-9964
EditorialMDPI AG (PUBLISHER • IT)
DOI10.3390/ijgi12110463
OpenAlexW4388628522
IdiomaEN
Citas recibidas1
Referencias citadas60

Flood inundation causes socioeconomic losses for coastal tourism under climate extremes, progressively attracting global attention. Predicting, mapping, and evaluating the flood inundation risk (FIR) is important for coastal tourism. This study developed a spatial tourism-aimed framework by integrating a Weighted k Nearest Neighbors (WkNN) algorithm, geographic information systems, and environmental indexes, such as precipitation and soil. These model inputs were standardized and weighted using inverse distance calculation and integrated into WkNN to infer the regional probability and distribution of the FIR. Zhejiang province, China, was selected as a case study. The evaluation results were mapped to denote the likelihood of an FIR, which was then validated by the historical Maximum Inundation Extent (MIE) extracted from the World Environment Situation Room. The results indicated that 80.59% of the WkNN results reasonably confirmed the MIE. Among the matched areas, 80.14%, 90.13%, 65.50%, and 84.14% of the predicted categories using WkNN perfectly coincided with MIE at high, medium, low, and very low risks, respectively. For the entire study area, approximately 2.85%, 64.83%, 10.8%, and 21.51% are covered by a high, medium, low, and very low risk of flood inundation. Precipitation and elevation negatively contribute to a high-medium risk. Drainage systems positively alleviate the regional stress of the FIR. The results of the evaluation illustrate that in most inland areas, some tourism facilities are located in high-medium areas of the FIR. However, most tourism facilities in coastal cities are at low or very low risk, especially from Hangzhou-centered northern coastal areas to southern Wenzhou areas. The results can help policymakers make appropriate strategies to protect coastal tourism from flood inundation. Moreover, the evaluation accuracy of WkNN is higher than that of kNN in FIR. The WkNN-based framework provides a reasonable method to yield reliable results for assessing FIR. The framework can also be extended to other risk-related research under climate change

China · Flood myth · Geography · Meteorology · Physical geography · Precipitation · Remote sensing · Spatial distribution · Tourism · Water resource management · Coastal and Marine Dynamics · Environmental Science · Flood Risk Assessment and Management · Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research