Day–Night All-Sky Scene Classification with an Attention-Enhanced EfficientNet

All-sky cameras provide continuous hemispherical observations essential for atmospheric monitoring and observatory operations; however, automated classification of sky conditions in tropical environments remains challenging due to strong illumination variability, atmospheric scattering, and overlapping thin-cloud structures. This study proposes EfficientNet-Attention-SPP Multi-scale Network (EASMNet), a physics-aware deep learning framework for robust all-sky scene classification using hemispherical imagery acquired at the Thai National Observatory. The proposed architecture integrates Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks for radiometric channel stabilization, the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) for spatial–semantic refinement, and Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) for hemispherical multi-scale context aggregation within a fully fine-tuned EfficientNetB7 backbone, forming a domain-aware atmospheric representation framework. A large-scale dataset comprising 122,660 RGB images across 13 day–night sky-scene categories was curated, capturing diverse tropical atmospheric conditions including humidity, haze, illumination transitions, and sensor noise. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate that the EASMNet achieves 93% overall accuracy, outperforming representative convolutional (VGG16, ResNet50, DenseNet121) and transformer-based architectures (Swin Transformer, Vision Transformer). Ablation analyses confirm the complementary contributions of hierarchical attention and multi-scale aggregation, while class-wise evaluation yields F1-scores exceeding 0.95 for visually distinctive categories such as Day Humid, Night Clear Sky, and Night Noise. Residual errors are primarily confined to physically transitional and low-contrast atmospheric regimes. These results validate the EASMNet as a reliable, interpretable, and computationally feasible framework for real-time observatory dome automation, astronomical scheduling, and continuous atmospheric monitoring, and provide a scalable foundation for autonomous sky-observation systems deployable across diverse climatic regions

Atmospheric correction · Convolutional neural network · Observatory · Pooling · RGB color model · Sky · Impact of Light on Environment and Health · Remote Sensing in Agriculture · Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics

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