Analysis of nationwide availability of negotiated drugs in China’s National Reimbursement Drug List
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 22091066 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Yumeng Zhang (0009-0002-4908-1932), Y Victoria Zhang (0000-0003-0978-2363, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Wenqi Zhang (0000-0001-8142-7791, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Jizuoni Deng (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Yuhan Liu (0000-0002-5469-5608, Shanghai Medical Information Center), Li Sun (0000-0002-9084-1318, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, corresponding author), Lihua Sun (0000-0002-1660-623X) |
| Year | 2026 |
| Volume | 13 |
| Pages | 1718627-1718627 |
| Publication date | 2026-01-08 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Frontiers in Public Health (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 2296-2565 • E-ISSN: 2296-2565 |
| Publisher | Frontiers Media SA (PUBLISHER • CH) |
| DOI | 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1718627 |
| PMID | 41584141 |
| OpenAlex | W7118772326 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 45 |
Objective This study aims to evaluate the availability of Price-Negotiated Drugs under China’s National Reimbursement Drug List in healthcare institutions and designated retail pharmacies. Methods This cross-sectional study uses data from the National Health Insurance Service Platform (extracted in September 2025) to evaluate the availability of 383 National Negotiated Drugs in healthcare institutions and retail pharmacies nationwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)/Health Action International (HAI) framework, availability was assessed based on the availability rate and allocation rate. Spearman’s rank correlation test ( α = 0.05) was applied to examine associations between drug availability and factors including the timing of formulary inclusion, per capita disposable income, regional gross domestic product (GDP), the number of relevant policy releases and Pharmacists, the accumulated balance of health insurance funds, and the average annual number of visits per person. Results The overall availability of negotiated drugs was low, with mean availability rates of 2.08% in healthcare institutions and 0.13% in designated retail pharmacies. Although drugs were predominantly concentrated in tertiary hospitals, their average availability there remained modest at 9.84%. Substantial provincial disparities were observed in the allocation of tertiary hospitals, with the eastern regions showing relatively higher rates. Drugs added to the formulary earlier and those with higher clinical demand were more available. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated significant associations between drug availability and timing of formulary inclusion ( r = −0.53, p < 0.001), per capita disposable income ( r = 0.45, p = 0.012), regional GDP ( r = 0.49, p = 0.005), the number of relevant policy releases ( r = 0.57, p < 0.001), the number of Pharmacists ( r = 0.43, p = 0.017), the accumulated balance of health insurance funds ( r = 0.61, p < 0.001), and the average annual number of visits per person ( r = 0.62, p < 0.001). Conclusion According to the WHO/HAI standards, the overall availability of negotiated drugs in China remains relatively low, with notable institutional stratification and regional disparities. This finding suggests that policy efforts should focus on strengthening supply incentives and promoting rational drug use. Additionally, policymakers should consider the differences across regions and institutions when advancing drug availability to ensure equitable access to medicines
Access to medicines · China · Drug · Incentive · Reimbursement · Healthcare Systems and Reforms · Medication Adherence and Compliance · Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy · Health Policy
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| Citation velocity | historical |
|---|---|
| Highly cited | No |