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This article examines three paradigms in the history of U.S. linguistic anthropology—Boasian linguistics, ethnoscience/cognitive anthropology, and linguistic pragmatics—in terms of their approaches to the relationship between language and culture. Boas and his students viewed language as a "guide to social reality," a system of categories that mediates the speaker's experience of the world. Ethnoscientists and cognitive anthropologists continued this tradition, focusing on the ways in which language reflects and shapes cultural knowledge. Linguistic pragmatics, influenced by ordinary language philosophy, shifted the focus from language as a system of classification to language as a tool for social action, emphasizing the role of context and intention in the interpretation of meaning. The article argues that these three paradigms represent distinct but complementary approaches to the study of language and culture, each offering valuable insights into the complex relationship between the two.

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