The urbanism debate in German and French sociology 1950–2000

The author’s research approach to the topic of urbanism in continental European sociology is based on two fundamental points: 1) no unified sociology of the city has emerged; the historian of science has to deal with national sociologies, such as German and French; 2) the common ideological or, more broadly, intellectual situations give rise to similar attitudes and research topics in professional sociological communities. The choice of Francophone and German-language texts for analysis is determined by the wide exchange and mutual influence of national sociological schools between 1950 and 2000. In both countries, there was a process of reconstruction of sociology, first on the reception of American sociology and then on its critique. In 50 years, there were three paradigm shifts in the study of urban culture. Initially, the ideological concept of urbanism dominated in national sociologies, opposing the German philosophical tradition of the era of O. Spengler and his predecessors. Urbanism was considered as a function of urban space, ensuring freedom and personal development for all citizens (H. P. Bahrdt). The new political economy paradigm (M. Castells) initially began with a critique of urbanism as a form of bourgeois ideology devoid of theoretical content. Subsequently, the new paradigm was constructed in terms of the political economy of “Capital” without any reference to the cultural aspects of urban life. A city is nothing more than infrastructure for the circulation of capital, collective means of consumption necessary for the reproduction of labor, tied to the territory, inelastic, unprofitable. Citizen was considered as agent of economic process, faceless and deprived of individual features, a moment in economic development. In the process of mastering the political economy of the city, sociologists have overlooked the analysis of specific social situations, cultural conflicts, the functioning of imagined communities, and the symbolic connection of the citizen with the city. The political economy of the city was replaced by a new school of social urbanism under the brand of critical sociology (W. Siebel, A. Bourdin). Its adherents made an inventory of languages to describe urban culture and lifestyle, emphasized the idea of accessibility of basic subject and institutional tools of urban life, analyzed the possibilities of urbanism for the social integration of citizens and described the status of urbanism in urban planning, calling it a great social mission (A. Bourdin). In search of an adequate concept of urbanism, sociologists formed their own social identity, proving their necessity and importance in the social and cultural reconstruction of European society

Bourgeoisie · Geography · German · Ideology · Political science · Politics · Social science · Sociology · Urban sociology · Urbanism · Law · Urbanization and City Planning · Architecture