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Resumo

A CULTURE without writing. Many of the standard comparisons between oral and literate cultures are flawed because the role of writing is misrepresented. Writing does not supplant oral communication; it is merely another channel of communication, substituting for the oral only in certain contexts but at the same time developing new ones. It is the same with the new electronic media; they are only substitutes for oral and written communication in certain contexts and are always dependent on them, just as writing is dependent on the oral use of language, which remains the primary means of human communication. It is very important to distinguish between societies (or cultures) with and without writing and also between the written and oral traditions in societies with writing. Oral communication in societies with writing is not the same as it is in those without it.

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