Teachers’ professional knowledge to prevent students’ overreliance on AI
Insight from Intelligent-TPACK
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 22423803 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Ismail Celik (0000-0002-5027-8284, University of Oulu, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2026 |
| Pages | 1-6 |
| Publication date | 2026-04-20 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Innovations in Education and Teaching International (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1470-3297 • E-ISSN: 1470-3300 |
| Publisher | Informa UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/14703297.2026.2663355 |
| OpenAlex | W7154937087 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 12 |
Generative AI (GenAI) tools introduce the risk of student overreliance, in which learners bypass their cognitive effort and depend uncritically on GenAI outputs. Teachers have a crucial role in preventing students’ overreliance on GenAI. This paper suggests teachers’ knowledge for preventing GenAI overreliance based on the Intelligent-TPACK framework. This framework addresses GenAI-specific pedagogical and ethical knowledge with five dimensions: Intelligent-TK, Intelligent-TPK, Intelligent-TCK, Intelligent-TPACK, and Ethics. To prevent overreliance, Intelligent-TK helps teachers recognise GenAI features such as fluency, confidence, and anthropomorphic cues. Intelligent-TPK includes pedagogical strategies that sustain students’ mental effort by using metacognitive prompts and delayed assistance. Intelligent-TCK supports teachers in evaluating and adapting AI-generated disciplinary content so that conceptual accuracy and cognitive engagement are maintained. Intelligent-TPACK allows teachers to combine these knowledge domains into coherent task sequences that promote student reasoning instead of cognitive outsourcing. Ethical knowledge, including transparency, accountability, fairness, and inclusiveness, further strengthens responsible AI use.
Accountability · Higher education · Knowledge level · Professional development · Qualitative research · Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI · Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning · Online Learning and Analytics
The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students' cognitive abilities
Cognitive Offloading
To Trust or to Think
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge
Towards Intelligent-TPACK
Cognitive ease at a cost
Trust and reliance on AI — An experimental study on the extent and costs of overreliance on AI
Anthropomorphism brings us closer
Measuring undergraduate students' reliance on Generative AI during problem-solving
Co-constructing adaptive lesson plans with GenAI
| Citation velocity | historical |
|---|---|
| Highly cited | No |