Land acquisition infrastructure development and Boot model adoption for private universities in India

The establishment of private universities in India is increasingly constrained by complex land acquisition processes, rising land costs, and high infrastructure investment requirements. This study investigates these challenges and examines the feasibility of the Build–Own–Operate–Transfer (BOOT) model within a Public–Private Partnership (PPP) framework as a strategic solution. A quantitative explanatory research design was adopted using survey data from 245 edupreneurs across Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Jharkhand. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal three key dimensions: Land Acquisition Challenges (LAC), Alternative Land and Policy Support Mechanisms (LAPSM), and Infrastructure Development and Collaboration Models (IDCM), explaining 75.67% of total variance. Structural model results indicate that all three constructs significantly influence BOOT model adoption, with LAC exerting the strongest effect (β = 0.317, p p p

Explanatory power · Exploratory factor analysis · General partnership · Land use · Public–private partnership · Structural equation modeling · Public-Private Partnership Projects · Strategic Planning and Analysis · Urban Planning and Valuation