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Resumo

The literature onIndia'sNationalRuralEmploymentGuaranteeScheme (NREGS) has tended to focus on institutional and technical issues more than on the social relations of production. This paper argues for a class‐relational approach toNREGSand, by extension, to social policy more generally. By locatingNREGSin a broader context of antagonistic class relations, it becomes clearer why, where, when and how it either contributes to pro‐labouring‐class change or to reproducing the position of the dominant class. This is particularly important in theSouthIndian state ofKarnataka, where (i) national sample survey data indicates thatNREGShas performed relatively badly and (ii) the recent rate of decline of poverty has been amongst the slowest in the country. Based on longitudinal fieldwork in villages in twoNorthKarnataka districts, this paper's class‐relational approach explains significant differences inNREGSoutcomes across time and place – primarily with regard to intra‐ and inter‐class relations, which are interlinked with caste and gender relations. In one fieldwork district, high levels of implementation have declined due to increased (but uneven) dominant class control over the scheme. In the other, initial subversion of the scheme has been partially challenged by collective labouring‐class action.

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