Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Aligning Interviewing with Process Tracing

Bibliographic Data

ID2331178
AuthorsEzequiel González-Ocantos (0000-0002-9617-478X, University of Oxford), Juan Masullo (0000-0002-8537-2991, Leiden University, corresponding author)
Year2024
Volume55
Issue1
Pages219-267
Publication date2024-06-14
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueSociological Methods & Research (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0049-1241 • E-ISSN: 1552-8294
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/00491241241258229
OpenAlexW4399684758
LanguageEN
Citations received7
References cited101

Interviews play a pivotal role in process tracing (PT) by allowing researchers to delve deep into the intricacies of agency, inter-agent interactions and relationships, and the processes underlying meaning and decision-making. These dimensions are essential for evaluating process theories connecting causes to outcomes in specific cases. Testing theoretical arguments via PT bears implications for how we conceive interviewing. We provide recommendations for scholars to design interview research aligned with PT best practices, focusing on sampling and the design of interview protocols, and being sensitive to differences between PT approaches. Aligning interviews with PT's specific requirements strengthens the weight and inferential power of evidence. While the methodological foundations of PT and related data analysis techniques are well-documented in the literature, there is still a gap concerning data collection and generation. We aim to address this by encouraging process tracers to think systematically about their interviewing plans at the design stage

Agency (philosophy) · Data collection · Engineering ethics · Interview · Knowledge management · Management science · Meaning (existential) · Political science · Process (computing) · Process management · Process tracing · Psychotherapist · Research design · Social science · Sociology · Applied Psychology · Computer Science · Engineering · Innovation and Knowledge Management · Management and Organizational Studies · Psychology · Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research

  • Are National Platforms Appropriate Vehicles To Tackle Match-fixing? A Process Tracing Study in Six Countries

    Open Access•Cleo Schyvinck, Arthur Lefebvre et al.•European Journal on Criminal…•2026

  • Elite Interviewing in Political Science

    Open Access•Ozlem Tuncel•Perspectives on Politics•2026

  • Bad versus good enough

    Open Access•Birte Julia Gippert, Theresa Squatrito•Cooperation and Conflict•2025

  • Iteration in Mixed-Methods Research Designs Combining Experiments and Fieldwork

    Open Access•Verónica Pérez Bentancur, Lucía Tiscornia•Sociological Methods & Research•2024

  • Crisis of democracy in Poland

    Open Access•Adam Szymański•Filozofija i drustvo•2025

  • Divided Opposition

    Open Access•Jonas Bergan Draege, Michael Jimenez•Political Studies•2025

  • Using Focus Groups for Process Tracing

    Open Access•Laura López-Pérez, Mayra Ortiz Ocaña•Sociological Methods & Research•2025

  • Forging democracy from below

    Elisabeth Jean Wood•Forging democracy from below•2000

  • Learning From Strangers

    Robert S Weiss•Learning From Strangers•1995

  • The Logic of Social Research

    Arthur L Stinchcombe•The Logic of Social Research•2005

  • The EU, Nato and the Integration of Europe

    Open Access•Frank Schimmelfennig•EU, NATO and the Integration of…•2003

  • Face-to-Face Diplomacy

    Marcus Holmes•Face-To-Face Diplomacy•2018

  • Process-Tracing Methods

    Derek Beach, Rasmus Brun Pedersen et al.•Process-Tracing Methods•2019

  • The Nuclear Taboo

    Open Access•Nina Tannenwald•Nuclear Taboo•2007

  • Process-Tracing Methods

    Open Access•Derek Beach, Rasmus Brun Pedersen et al.•Process-Tracing Methods:…•2013

  • Private Wealth and Public Revenue in Latin America

    Open Access•Tasha Fairfield•Private Wealth and Public Revenue…•2015

  • Constructing Questions for Interviews and Questionnaires

    Open Access•William Foddy•Constructing Questions for…•1993

  • Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador

    Open Access•Elisabeth Jean Wood•Insurgent Collective Action and…•2003

  • A Tale of Two Cultures

    Gary Goertz, James Mahoney•A tale of two cultures•2012

  • Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy

    Open Access•Kenneth A Schultz•Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy•2001

  • When Movements Become Parties

    Open Access•Santiago Anria•When Movements Become Parties•2018

  • Field Research in Political Science

    Open Access•Diana Kapiszewski, Lauren M Maclean et al.•Field Research in Political Science•2015

  • Practice tracing

    Open Access•Vincent Pouliot•Process Tracing•2014

  • Dynamics of Contention

    Open Access•Doug Mcadam, Sidney Tarrow et al.•Dynamics of Contention•2001

  • Transnational Protest and Global Activism

    Donatella Della Porta, Sidney Tarrow•Transnational Protest and Global…•2005

  • Governing for the Long Term

    Open Access•Alan M Jacobs•Governing for the Long Term•2011

  • The Science and Art of Interviewing

    Kathleen Gerson, Damaske et al.•Science and Art of Interviewing•2020

  • Listening to People

    A Lareau•Listening to People•2021

  • Coming of Age in the Other America

    Stefanie Deluca, Susan Clampet‐lundquist et al.•Coming of age in the other America•2016

  • Global Governance and Local Peace

    Susanna P Campbell•Global Governance and Local Peace•2018

  • Social Inquiry and Bayesian Inference

    Open Access•Tasha Fairfield, Andrew Charman et al.•Social Inquiry and Bayesian…•2022

  • Strong NGOs and Weak States

    Milli Lake, Milli May Lake•Strong NGOs and Weak States•2018

  • Interviewing in Social Science Research

    Lee Ann Fujii, Fujii Lee Ann•Interviewing in Social Science…•2017

  • Resisting War

    Open Access•Oliver Kaplan•Resisting War•2017

  • Forbearance as Redistribution

    Open Access•Alisha C Holland•Forbearance As Redistribution•2017

  • The Politics of Resentment

    Katherine J Cramer•Politics of Resentment•2015

  • Interview Research in Political Science

    Layna Mosley•Interview Research in Political…•2013

  • Process Tracing

    Open Access•Andrew Bennett, Jeffrey T Checkel•Process Tracing•2014

  • Mobilizing without the Masses

    Diana Fu•Mobilizing Without the Masses•2017

  • Making Friends in Violent Neighborhoods

    Open Access•Anjanette Marie Chan Tack, Mario Luis Small•Sociological Science•2017

  • Systematic Process Analysis

    Open Access•P A Hall•European Political Science•2008

  • Going Where the Money Is

    Open Access•Tasha Fairfield•World Development•2013

  • Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis

    Mark Kramer, Mark S Kramer et al.•International Security•1990

  • Evidential Pluralism and Epistemic Reliability in Political Science

    Open Access•Rosa W Runhardt•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2021

  • Evidence for Causal Mechanisms in Social Science

    Open Access•Rosa W Runhardt•Philosophy of Science•2015

  • Thinking about Mechanisms

    Open Access•Peter Machamer, Lindley Darden et al.•Philosophy of Science•2000

  • Civilian Contention in Civil War

    Open Access•Juan Masullo•Comparative Political Studies•2020

  • A Realist Theory of Science

    Roy Bhaskar•A realist theory of science•2013

  • The Logic of Illicit Flows in Armed Conflict

    Open Access•Annette Idler•World Politics•2020

  • Tutelage and Regime Survival in Regional Organizations' Democracy Protection

    Open Access•Carlos Closa, Stefano Palestini•World Politics•2018

  • Relationships Among Rivals (RAR)

    Open Access•Sherry Zak•Political Analysis•2017

  • Updating Bayesian(s)

    Open Access•Sherry Zak•Political Analysis•2021

  • Toward a Pluralistic Vision of Methodology

    Open Access•Henry E Brady, Donald Collier et al.•Political Analysis•2006

  • Explicit Bayesian Analysis for Process Tracing

    Open Access•Tasha Fairfield, Andrew Charman et al.•Political Analysis•2017

  • Understanding Bayesianism

    Open Access•Andrew Bennett, Andrew Charman et al.•Political Analysis•2022

  • Return to the Scene of the Crime

    Open Access•Sherry Zak•Political Analysis•2022

  • When Epistemic Communities Fail

    Open Access•Olga Löblová•Policy Studies Journal•2018

  • When Do the Dispossessed Protest? Informal Leadership and Mobilization in Syrian Refugee Camps

    Open Access•K Clarke•Perspectives on Politics•2018

  • A Dialogue with the Data

    Open Access•Tasha Fairfield, Andrew Charman•Perspectives on Politics•2019

  • The Nuclear Taboo

    Open Access•Nina Tannenwald•International Organization•1999

  • Voting for a Killer

    Regina Bateson•Comparative Politics•2022

  • Intelligence Capacity and Mass Violence

    Open Access•Mark Winward•Comparative Political Studies•2021

  • An Insurgent Path to Democracy

    Open Access•Elisabeth Jean Wood•Comparative Political Studies•2001

  • Redistribution Under the Right in Latin America

    Open Access•Tasha Fairfield, Candelaria Garay•Comparative Political Studies•2017

  • Set Diagrams and Qualitative Research

    Open Access•James Mahoney, Rachel Sweet Vanderpoel•Comparative Political Studies•2015

  • Process Tracing and Historical Explanation

    James Mahoney•Security Studies•2015

  • Process Tracing and Qualitative Causal Inference

    David Waldner•Security Studies•2015

  • Asking Questions

    Open Access•Beth L Leech•PS Political Science & Politics•2002

  • Process-Tracing Research Designs

    Open Access•Johnnetta Ricks, Jacob I Ricks et al.•PS Political Science & Politics•2018

  • Active Citation

    Open Access•Andrew Moravcsik, Andrew M Moravcsik•PS Political Science & Politics•2010

  • Process Tracing and Elite Interviewing

    Open Access•Oisín Tansey•PS Political Science & Politics•2007

  • Validity and Reliability Issues In Elite Interviewing

    Open Access•Jeffrey M Berry•PS Political Science & Politics•2002

  • Mechanisms in Political Processes

    Charles Tilly•Annual Review of Political Science•2001

  • Understanding Process Tracing

    Open Access•Donald Collier, David Collier•PS Political Science & Politics•2011

  • How Does It Work

    Open Access•Mario Bunge•Philosophy of the Social Sciences•2004

  • The logic of counterfactual analysis in case-study explanation

    Open Access•James Mahoney, Rodrigo Barrenechea•British Journal of Sociology•2019

  • Interviews and Inference

    Open Access•Iddo Tavory•Qualitative Sociology•2020

  • Mixing Methods

    Open Access•Michael Humphreys, Macartan Humphreys et al.•American Political Science Review•2015

  • Preregistering Qualitative Research

    Open Access•Tamarinde L Haven, Timothy M Errington et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • How Many Interviews Are Enough

    Open Access•Greg Guest, Arwen Bunce et al.•CAM•2006

  • How many cases do I need

    Open Access•Mario Luis Small•Ethnography•2009

  • Using Interviews to Understand Why

    Open Access•Mario Luis Small, Jenna M Cook•Sociological Methods & Research•2023

  • Process Tracing and the Problem of Missing Data

    Open Access•Ezequiel González-Ocantos, Jody Laporte•Sociological Methods & Research•2021

  • Why Causal Mechanisms and Process Tracing Should Alter Case Selection Guidance

    Open Access•Ryan Saylor•Sociological Methods & Research•2020

  • Selecting Appropriate Cases When Tracing Causal Mechanisms

    Open Access•Derek Beach, Rasmus Brun Pedersen et al.•Sociological Methods & Research•2018

  • Comparative Hypothesis Testing Via Process Tracing

    Open Access•Ingo Rohlfing•Sociological Methods & Research•2014

  • The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences

    Open Access•James Mahoney•Sociological Methods & Research•2012

  • Pulled, Pushed, and Persuaded

    Jocelyn S Viterna, Jocelyn Viterna•American Journal of Sociology•2006

Unique citing works7
Citations per year3,5
Citation span2024 - 2026 (3)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 7

Tools

Open DOIOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae