Socioeconomic status in childhood and the lifetime risk of major depression
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23322261 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Stephen E Gilman (0000-0002-8331-6419, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2002 |
| Volume | 31 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 359-367 |
| Publication date | 2002-04-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | International Journal of Epidemiology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0300-5771 • E-ISSN: 1464-3685 |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press (OUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1093/ije/31.2.359 |
| PMID | 11980797 |
| OpenAlex | W2139266584 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 93 |
| References cited | 30 |
BACKGROUND: Major depression occurs more frequently among people of lower socioeconomic status (SES) and among females. Although the focus of considerable investigation, the development of SES and sex differences in depression remains to be fully explained. In this study, we test the hypotheses that low childhood SES predicts an increased risk of adult depression and contributes to a higher risk of depression among females. METHODS: Participants were 1132 adult offspring of mothers enrolled in the Providence, Rhode Island site of the US National Collaborative Perinatal Project between 1959 and 1966. Childhood SES, indexed by parental occupation, was assessed at the time of participants' birth and seventh year. A lifetime history and age at onset of major depressive episode were ascertained via structured interviews according to diagnostic criteria. Survival analyses were used to model the likelihood of first depression onset as a function of childhood SES. RESULTS: Participants from lower SES backgrounds had nearly a twofold increase in risk for major depression compared to those from the highest SES background independent of childhood sociodemographic factors, family history of mental illness, and adult SES. Analyses of sex differences in the effect of childhood SES on adult depression provided modest support for the hypothesis that childhood SES contributes to adult sex differences in depression. CONCLUSIONS: Low SES in childhood is related to a higher risk of major depression in adults. Social inequalities in depression likely originate early in life. Further research is needed to identify the pathways linking childhood conditions to SES differences in the incidence of major depression.
Anxiety · Childhood Depression · Depression (economics) · Incidence (geometry) · Offspring · Population · Pregnancy · Psychiatry · Socioeconomic status · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development · Demography · Health disparities and outcomes · Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum · Medicine · Psychology
The role of literacy in the association between educational attainment and depressive symptoms
Adolescent Socioeconomic Status and Parent-Child Emotional Bonds
Income and education predict elevated depressive symptoms in the general population
Effects of Timing of Adversity on Adolescent and Young Adult Adjustment
Voices from Minority Youth on Help-Seeking and Barriers to Mental Health Services
The Long-Term Consequences of Childbearing
Child abuse
Childhood living conditions, education and health among the oldest old in Sweden
Population ideals and sample realities—why we still need access to comprehensive information about populations
Highlighting the importance of “popular epidemiology”
The need for strategic underview
Exploring the relationship between welfare participation in childhood and depression in adulthood in the United States
Mental Health in Ethnic Minority Populations in the UK
Cumulative and Relative Disadvantage as Long-Term Determinants of Negative Self-feelings
The Experience of Daily Hassles, Cardiovascular Reactivity and Adolescent Risk Taking and Self-Esteem
Impact of socioeconomic status on Brazilian elderly health
Prevalência e determinantes precoces dos transtornos mentais comuns na coorte de nascimentos de 1982, Pelotas, RS
Socio-economic status, family disruption and residential stability in childhood
The Long Arm of Religion
Effect of social mobility in family financial situation and housing tenure on mental health conditions among South Australian adults
The Social Determinants of Health
Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Late-Adulthood Mental Health
Social and Gender Inequalities in Depressive Symptoms Among Urban Older Adults of Latin America and the Caribbean
Socioeconomic Status, Protective Factors, and Mental Health Problems in Transition from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood
Association of socioeconomic status in childhood with major depression and generalized anxiety disorder
Social Media Use and Depressive Symptoms—A Longitudinal Study from Early to Late Adolescence
Child and Adolescent Anxiety and Depression Prior to and During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the United States
Co-morbidity and health care utilisation five years prior to diagnosis for depression. A register-based study in a Swedish population
Pregnant and Moving
Does Family Structure Play a Role in Depression in Adolescents Admitted to Psychiatric Inpatient Care
Perinatal and early life factors associated with symptoms of depression in Brazilian children
Environmental risk and protective factors of adolescents’ and youths’ mental health
The effects of subjective and objective socioeconomic status on older adults’ mental health in China
Understanding the relationship between early life adversity and depressive symptoms
Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons modifies the effects of early life stress on attention and Thought Problems in late childhood
Aging, Spirituality, and Time
Trends and socioeconomic differentials in depression prevalence in China, 2010–2018
Early Life Predictors of Adult Depression in a Community Cohort of Urban African Americans
Characteristics of Effective School-Based, Teacher-Delivered Mental Health Services for Children
Heterogeneous Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Late Middle Age
The Challenge of Understanding the Mental Health of African Americans
Childhood family wealth and mental health in a national cohort of young adults
Factors Contributing to West Indian American Depression
The impact of the experience of childhood poverty on adult health-risk behaviors in Japan
Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents - a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden
Changes in Older Europeans’ Health Across Two Waves of SHARE
Impact of rurality and the area deprivation index on outcomes of collaborative care for depression
Shift-and-Persist Strategies
Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Prediabetes and Diabetes in Later Life
Shift‐and‐Persist Strategy
Inequality, Socioeconomic Status, and Social Support in Post-Disaster Mental Health in Mexico
Are Distressed Black Women Also Depressed? Implications for a Mental Health Paradox
Integrating the effects of shift and persist coping strategies on mental health
The successes and challenges of life course epidemiology
Welfare participation and depression among youth in the United States
Children mental health after the 2008 global economic crisis
Social mobility over the lifecourse and self reported mental health at age 50
A life-course approach to measuring socioeconomic position in population health surveillance systems
Past and present socioeconomic circumstances and psychotropic medication
Absence of spatial variation in rates of the common mental disorders
Socioeconomic status over the life course and stages of cigarette use
Be(ing) prepared
Socioeconomic position at the age of 30 and the later risk of a mental disorder
What is the association between wealth and mental health
The Effects of Childhood, Adult, and Community Socioeconomic Conditions on Health and Mortality among Older Adults in China
What Are the Odds
The role of family relationships in the psychological wellbeing of interracially dating adolescents
Early Life Course Pathways of Adult Depression and Chronic Pain
The Long Arm of Prospective Childhood Income for Mature Adult Health in the United States
Children's Education and Parents' Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms
Social inequality and depressive disorders in Bahia, Brazil
Tracing the origins of successful aging
Social determinants of psychological distress in a nationally-representative sample of South African adults
Socioeconomic status and the development of depressive symptoms from childhood to adulthood
Childhood socio-economic status and the onset, persistence, and severity of DSM-IV mental disorders in a US national sample
Social Inequality and Health Across the Life Course
Intergenerational educational mobility and health satisfaction across the life course
Socioeconomic position in childhood and in adulthood and functional limitations in midlife
The long-term health effects of welfare reform
The interaction of family background and personal education on depressive symptoms in later life
Socioeconomic deprivation, health and healthcare utilisation among millennials
Socioeconomic pathways to depressive symptoms in adulthood
Young maternal age at first birth and mental health later in life
Childhood socioeconomic status and suicide mortality in early adulthood among Norwegian men and women. A prospective study of Norwegians born between 1955 and 1965 followed for suicide from 1990 to 2001
Cumulative exposure to childhood stressors and subsequent psychological distress. An analysis of US panel data
Relation of female gender and low socioeconomic status to internalizing symptoms among adolescents
Race, life course socioeconomic position, racial discrimination, depressive symptoms and self-rated health
Trajectories of functional health
Sick of our loans
Religious Coping and Depression in Young Adulthood
Early Life Disadvantage and the Risk of Depressive Symptoms among Young Black Women
Paternal Incarceration and the Housing Security of Urban Mothers
Low Social Status Markers
Social origins of depression
Adolescent Onset of the Gender Difference in Lifetime Rates of Major Depression
Sex Differences and the Epidemiology of Depression
Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorders
Risk factors and life processes associated with the onset of suicidal behaviour during adolescence and early adulthood
Gender differences in depression
Gender Differences in Depression
A longitudinal investigation of social causation and social selection processes involved in the association between socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders.
National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule
Pathways from Childhood to Adult Life
Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I
Origins of health inequalities in a national population sample
The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds
Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations
Increasing Rates of Depression
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Learned helplessness in humans
Linking Family Hardship to Children's Lives
The Dynamics of Childhood Poverty
Continuing female predominance in depressive illness
Social differences in health
Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample
Social class, assets, organizational control and the prevalence of common groups of psychiatric disorders
Health inequalities in the life course perspective
The impact of childhood living conditions on illness and mortality in adulthood
The Role of Adversity and Stress in Psychopathology
Trajectories of Poverty and Children's Mental Health
Social Structure, Life Stress, and Depressive Symptoms in a High School-Age Population
Explaining the Social Patterns of Depression
Socioeconomic Status and Depression
| Unique citing works | 93 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 2,58 |
| Citation span | 1990 - 2026 (37) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 74 |