Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion

Bibliographic Data

ID23324657
AuthorsGunnar Borg (Stockholm University, corresponding author), GUNNAR A V BORG
Year1982
Volume14
Issue5
Pages377???381
Publication date1982-05-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0195-9131 • E-ISSN: 1530-0315
PublisherOvid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012
PMID7154893
OpenAlexW2004008756
LanguageEN
Citations received393

There is a great demand for perceptual effort ratings in order to better understand man at work. Such ratings are important complements to behavioral and physiological measurements of physical performance and work capacity. This is true for both theoretical analysis and application in medicine, human factors, and sports. Perceptual estimates, obtained by psychophysical ratio-scaling methods, are valid when describing general perceptual variation, but category methods are more useful in several applied situations when differences between individuals are described. A presentation is made of ratio-scaling methods, category methods, especially the Borg Scale for ratings of perceived exertion, and a new method that combines the category method with ratio properties. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are discussed in both theoretical-psychophysical and psychophysiological frames of reference.

Cognitive psychology · Exertion · Multidimensional scaling · Perceived exertion · Perception · Physical therapy · Presentation (obstetrics) · Scale (ratio) · Scaling · Statistics · Variation (astronomy) · Work (physics) · Computer Science · Engineering · Mathematics · Medicine · Psychology · Sports Performance and Training

  • Sleep-related metrics that predict training intensity

    Open Access•Amelia E Frey, Carter Stoke et al.•Frontiers in Sports and Active…•2026

  • Field-assessed functional exercise capacity and selected NCD-related health markers among students at Kuwait University

    Open Access•Ahmad Salman•Frontiers in Sports and Active…•2026

  • Impact of Exercise on Psychological Well-Being in Patients with Pediatric Cancer

    Open Access•Kenan Koç, Tayyibe Arslan et al.•Children•2025

  • Exergames como forma de cuidado no âmbito da Saúde Mental

    Open Access•Adilson Rocha Ferreira, Deise Juliana Francisco•Debates em educação•2020

  • Differential Perceived Exertion Measured Using a New Visual Analogue Scale during Pedaling and Running

    Open Access•Takeshi Ueda, Teru Nabetani et al.•Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL…•2006

  • Possible Biphasic Sweating Response during Short-term Heat Acclimation Protocol for Tropical Natives

    Open Access•Flávio de Castro Magalhães, Christiano A Machado‐Moreira et al.•Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL…•2006

  • A before and after comparison of the effects of forest walking on the sleep of a community-based sample of people with sleep complaints

    Open Access•Emi Morita, Makoto Imai et al.•BioPsychoSocial Medicine•2011

  • Influencia de la hipnosis en la resistencia al esfuerzo en ciclistas. (Effect of Hypnosis on Cyclists’ Resistance to Stress)

    Open Access•Rubén Fernández García, Félix Zurita-Ortega et al.•Cultura Ciencia y Deporte•2012

  • Mood response in training and rest condition in veteran endurance runners with a negative addiction to running

    Open Access•Pedro Ángel Latorre Román, Juan Á Párraga Montilla et al.•Cultura Ciencia y Deporte•2021

  • Valoración de las aletas en función del tiempo empleado en pruebas de nado y remolque de maniquí. (Evaluation of swim fins according to the time taken in swim tests and manikin tow tests)

    Open Access•J Arturo Abraldes•Cultura Ciencia y Deporte•2006

  • Effects of Intradialytic Exercise on Dialytic Parameters, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Depression Status in Hemodialysis Patients

    Open Access•Chia-Huei Lin, Chia‐Huei Lin et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Moderators of Perceived Effort in Adolescent Rowers During a Graded Exercise Test

    Open Access•Gerd Schmitz•International Journal of…•2020

  • The Combined Effects of Obesity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Associated with Response Inhibition

    Open Access•Lin Chi, Chiao‐Ling Hung et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Acute Effects of Using Added Respiratory Dead Space Volume in a Cycling Sprint Interval Exercise Protocol

    Open Access•Natalia Danek, Kamil Michalik et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Fatigue Exercises on Postural Control and Recovery Time in Female Soccer Players

    Open Access•Özkan Güler, Dicle Aras et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Impact of Rowing Training on Quality of Life and Physical Activity Levels in Female Breast Cancer Survivors

    Open Access•Juan Gavala González, Amanda Torres-Pérez et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Immediate Effects of a Telerehabilitation Program Based on Aerobic Exercise in Women with Fibromyalgia

    Open Access•Ignacio Hernando-Garijo, Luis Ceballos‐Laita et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Long-Term Characteristics of Severe Covid-19

    Open Access•Ukbe Şırayder, Deniz İnal-İnce et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • The Effects of Integrated Step Training into the Physical Education Curriculum of Children with Intellectual Disabilities

    Open Access•Pei‐Fung Wu, Yu-Wei Chang et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Therapeutic Lifestyle Intervention Targeting Enhanced Cardiometabolic Health and Function for Persons with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury in Caregiver/Care-Receiver Co-Treatment

    Open Access•Gregory E Bigford, Luisa Betancourt et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Effects of Standing after a Meal on Glucose Metabolism and Energy Expenditure

    Open Access•H Kono, K Furuta et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Exertion Perception When Performing Cutting Tasks in Poultry Slaughterhouses

    Open Access•Adriana Seára Tirloni, Diogo Cunha dos Reis et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Are Respiratory Responses to Cold Air Exercise Different in Females Compared to Males? Implications for Exercise in Cold Air Environments

    Open Access•Michael D Kennedy, Elisabeth Lenz et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Horse-Riding Competitions Pre and Post Covid-19

    Open Access•Sabrina Demarie, Christel Galvani et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Effectiveness of a Three-Week Inpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program for Patients after Covid-19

    Open Access•Martin Hayden, Matthias Limbach et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Twelve-Months Follow-up of Supervised Exercise after Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Intermittent Claudication

    Open Access•Elisabeth Bø, Jonny Hisdal et al.•International Journal of…•2013

  • Effects of Capacitive-Resistive Electric Transfer on Sports Performance in Paralympic Swimmers

    Open Access•Luis De Sousa-De Sousa, Hugo G Espinosa et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • The Influence of Thermal Alterations on Prefrontal Cortex Activation and Neuromuscular Function during a Fatiguing Task

    Open Access•Kevin Phillips, Derek Verbrigghe et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Comparison of Acute Responses to Two Different Cycling Sprint Interval Exercise Protocols with Different Recovery Durations

    Open Access•Natalia Danek, Marcin Smolarek et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Strength Decrease, Perceived Physical Exertion and Endurance Time for Backpacking Tasks

    Open Access•Kai Way Li, Jenn Chun Chu et al.•International Journal of…•2019

  • Heat Acclimation in Females Does Not Limit Aerobic Exercise Training Outcomes

    Open Access•Mark L McGlynn, Christopher Collins et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Mediterranean Style Dietary Pattern with High Intensity Interval Training in Men with Prostate Cancer Treated with Androgen Deprivation Therapy

    Open Access•Brenton J Baguley, Kirsten N Adlard et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Rowing Training in Breast Cancer Survivors

    Open Access•Juan Gavala González, Ismael Gálvez-Fernández et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Implementing Low-Cost, Community-Based Exercise Programs for Middle-Aged and Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

    Open Access•Romeu Mendes, Nelson Sousa et al.•International Journal of…•2017

  • Eight Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training Using Elevation Mask May Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Pulmonary Functions, and Hematological Variables in University Athletes

    Open Access•Nasser Abouzeid, Mahmoud ELnaggar et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Acute Effects of Brief Mindfulness Intervention Coupled with Carbohydrate Ingestion to Re-Energize Soccer Players

    Open Access•Yuxin Zhu, Feng-Hua Sun et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Acute Effects of a Short Bout of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Sport Students

    Open Access•Martin Niedermeier, Elisabeth M Weiss et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Music as an Ergogenic Resource

    Open Access•Lucas Gleydson Gomes de Lima, Emanuel Moita Do Nascimento et al.•ERAS | European Review of…•2023

  • Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Among Female Pakistani Immigrants

    Open Access•Victoria Telle Hjellset, Benedikte Bjørge et al.•Journal of Immigrant and Minority…•2009

  • Body Image, Physical Activity and Cultural Variables Underlying Race and Ethnicity among Latino Men

    Lisa Sánchez-Johnsen, Amanda Dykema‐Engblade et al.•Progress in community health…•2019

  • Exerting cognitive control under threat

    Julie A Cantelon, Grace E Giles et al.•Emotion•2018

  • Big smile, small self

    Virginia E Sturm, Samir Datta et al.•Emotion•2020

  • Efeitos De Um Treinamento Físico Não Supervisionado Associado Ao Uso De Tecnologia Em Pacientes Com Doença Renal Crônica Terminal

    Open Access•Ana Paula Pillatt, Joice Andreia Agostini et al.•Estudos Interdisciplinares sobre…•2015

  • Lazer e Sociabilidade

    Open Access•Juliana Pedreschi Rodrigues, Charles Augusto Moreira Fernandes•LICERE - Revista do Programa de…•2017

  • Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 'BeweegKuur', a combined lifestyle intervention in the Netherlands

    Open Access•Brenda Berendsen, Brenda AJ Berendsen et al.•BMC Public Health•2011

  • Healthy eating and lifestyle in pregnancy (Help)

    Open Access•E Deanfield John, Elinor John et al.•BMC Public Health•2014

  • Type and intensity distribution of structured and incidental lifestyle physical activity of students and office workers

    Open Access•Birgit Wallmann-Sperlich, Peter Düking et al.•BMC Public Health•2022

  • Proportion of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders attributable to personal and occupational factors

    Open Access•Aboubakari Nambiema, Sandrine Bertrais et al.•BMC Public Health•2020

  • Application of objective physical activity measurement in an antenatal physical activity consultation intervention

    Open Access•Sinéad Currie, Marlene Sinclair et al.•BMC Public Health•2015

  • Validity of SC-StepRx pedometer-derived moderate and vigorous physical activity during treadmill walking and running in a heterogeneous sample of children and youth

    Open Access•Travis J Saunders, Casey Gray et al.•BMC Public Health•2014

  • Effectiveness and efficiency of an 11-week exercise intervention for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis

    Open Access•Inga Krauß, Gerhard Mueller et al.•BMC Public Health•2016

  • The effectiveness of physical activity monitoring and distance counselling in an occupational health setting - a research protocol for a randomised controlled trial (CoAct)

    Open Access•Karita Reijonsaari, Aki Vehtari et al.•BMC Public Health•2009

  • Aptidão Funcional De Idosas Praticantes De Exercícios Físicos

    Open Access•Ana Paula Moratelli Prado, Giovana Zarpellon Mazo et al.•Pensar a Prática•2011

  • Respostas neuromusculares ao treinamento resistido de alta intensidade (Hirt)

    Open Access•Antenor Barbosa Calandrini Azevedo, Deivison Soares Meninea et al.•Pensar a Prática•2019

  • A Prospective Study of the Association Between Vigorous Physical Activity During Pregnancy and Length of Gestation and Birthweight

    Open Access•Anne Marie Z Jukic, K R Evenson et al.•Maternal and Child Health Journal•2011

  • Accelerometry and Self-report in Sedentary Populations

    Jennifer L Jovanovic, Jennifer Jovanovic•American Journal of Health Behavior•2011

  • Priming autonomous and controlling motivation and effects on persistence

    Open Access•Stephen L Murphy, Ian Taylor et al.•Current Psychology•2022

  • Effects of progressive strength training on the performance of the Functional Reach Test and the Timed Get-Up-and-Go Test in an elderly population from the rural north of Portugal

    Open Access•Nelson Sousa, Jaime Sampaio•American Journal of Human Biology•2005

  • An 18-item standardized Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire-AQLQ(S)

    Open Access•Eirini Grammatopoulou, Emmanouil Skordilis et al.•Quality of Life Research•2007

  • Improvements in Quality of Life in Women after Resistance Training Are Not Associated With Age

    Melissa J Benton, Maura C Schlairet•Journal of Women & Aging•2012

  • Physical Exercise and Self-Esteem in Women Facing Lockdown-Related Domestic Violence

    Open Access•Fabien D Legrand, Natacha Crombez--Bequet et al.•Journal of Family Violence•2021

  • Physical fatigue and its effect on road crossing decisions

    Open Access•Robyn Sullivan, Arne Nieuwenhuys•Psychological Research•2022

  • The unconscious mental inhibiting process of human maximal voluntary contraction

    Open Access•Yudai Takarada, Daichi Nozaki•Psychological Research•2022

  • Efectos de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico submáximo sobre el rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y la potencia anaeróbica

    Open Access•Jorge Leonardo Rodríguez Mora, Oscar Adolfo Niño Méndez et al.•Revista Investigaciones Andina•2020

  • Psychosocial Intervention in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

    Ingeborg Farver-Vestergaard, Josefine Tingdal Taube Danielsen et al.•Psychosomatic Medicine•2022

  • Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Reactivity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Health Under Psychological, Physiological, and Pharmacological Stimulation

    Jens Gaab•Psychosomatic Medicine•2002

  • Impact of Panic Attacks on Bronchoconstriction and Subjective Distress in Asthma Patients With and Without Panic Disorder

    Maxine Boudreau, Simon L Bacon et al.•Psychosomatic Medicine•2017

  • The Effect of Light-Intensity Cycling on Mood and Working Memory in Response to a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Design

    Jacob B Lindheimer, Patrick J O'Connor et al.•Psychosomatic Medicine•2017

  • Perception of force and weight

    Lynette A Jones•Psychological Bulletin•1986

  • Effects of music in exercise and sport

    Open Access•Peter C Terry, Costas I Karageorghis et al.•Psychological Bulletin•2020

  • Ratings of Perceived Exertion by Women with Internal or External Locus of Control

    Peter Hassmén, Nathalie Koivula•The Journal of General Psychology•1996

  • Cost-effectiveness of an exercise intervention program in perimenopausal women

    Open Access•Ana Carbonell‐Baeza, Ana Carbonell-Baeza et al.•BMC Public Health•2015

  • The effect of a worksite based walking programme on cardiovascular risk in previously sedentary civil servants [NCT00284479]

    Open Access•Marie H Murphy, Marie Murphy et al.•BMC Public Health•2006

  • Effects of two 24-week multimodal exercise programs on reaction time, mobility, and dual-task performance in community-dwelling older adults at risk of falling

    Open Access•Hugo Rosado, Jorge Bravo et al.•BMC Public Health•2021

  • Short, frequent physical activity breaks improve working memory while preserving cerebral blood flow in adolescents during prolonged sitting - AbbaH teen, a randomized crossover trial

    Open Access•Karin Kjellenberg, Örjan Ekblom et al.•BMC Public Health•2024

  • Testing the activitystat hypothesis

    Open Access•Sjaan R Gomersall, Sjaan Gomersall et al.•BMC Public Health•2012

  • Physical activity at home (Paah)', evaluation of a group versus home based physical activity program in community dwelling middle aged adults

    Open Access•Nicole Freene, Gordon Waddington et al.•BMC Public Health•2011

  • Effects of Versatile Kinesthetic Experiences on Balance Ability and Interpersonal Relationships

    Open Access•Yuki Matsuura, Masahiro Kokubu et al.•Psychological Reports•2021

  • Conjunctive Measurement of Aquatic Exercise in an Office Setting

    Open Access•Kathy Sexton–Radek, Kathy Sexton-Radek et al.•Psychological Reports•2001

  • Advances in Advertising Research IX

    Open Access•Verolien Cauberghe, Liselot Hudders et al.•Advances in Advertising Research IX•2018

  • Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults

    Miriam E Nelson, W Jack Rejeski et al.•Medicine & Science in Sports &…•2007

  • Breaking Up Prolonged Sitting Reduces Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses

    Open Access•David W Dunstan, Bronwyn A Kingwell et al.•Diabetes Care•2012

  • Validity of a reactive agility test for aerobic and anaerobic performance assessment in female handball players

    Open Access•Nadir Szabo, Khatija Bahdur et al.•Frontiers in Sports and Active…•2026

  • Sex as a moderator of the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and depressive symptoms in older adults

    Open Access•Cristina Molina-Hidalgo, Cristina Molina‐Hidalgo et al.•The Journals of Gerontology…•2026

  • Personalized Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training Combined with High-Intensity Interval Training Enhances Training Responsiveness

    Open Access•Bryant R Byrd, Jamie Keith et al.•International Journal of…•2019

  • Self-Regulation in High-Level Ice Hockey Players

    Open Access•Montse C Ruiz, Reko Luojumäki et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Comparison of the Physical, Physiological, and Psychological Responses of the High-Intensity Interval (Hiit) and Small-Sided Games (SSG) Training Programs in Young Elite Soccer Players

    Open Access•Zied Ouertatani, Okba Selmi et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Effects of Isomaltulose Ingestion on Thermoregulatory Responses during Exercise in a Hot Environment

    Open Access•Junto Otsuka, Yumi Okamoto et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Acute Local Cooling to the Lower Body during Recovery Does Not Improve Repeated Vertical Jump Performance

    Open Access•Chansol Hurr•International Journal of…•2021

  • Changes in Depressed Mood Associated with 10 Weeks of Moderate Cardiovascular Exercise in Formerly Sedentary Adults

    Open Access•James J Annesi•Psychological Reports•2005

  • Optimizing the Interaction of Exercise Volume and Metformin to Induce a Clinically Significant Reduction in Metabolic Syndrome Severity

    Open Access•Joyce S Ramos, Lance C Dalleck et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Asuki Step” pedometer intervention in university staff

    Open Access•Barbara E Ainsworth, Cheryl Der Ananian et al.•BMC Public Health•2012

  • Effects of a school-based physical activity intervention on mental health indicators in a sample of Brazilian adolescents

    Open Access•Jadson Márcio da Silva, Géssika Castilho Dos Santos et al.•BMC Public Health•2025

  • The Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome in Police Personnel

    Open Access•James D Yates, Jeffrey Aldous et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Physio-EndEA’ Study

    Open Access•María del Mar Salinas-Asensio, Olga Ocón‐Hernández et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Physical and Quality of Life Changes in Elderly Patients after Laparoscopic Surgery for Colorectal Cancer—A Prospective Cohort Study

    Open Access•Rochelle Mey, José Casaña et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Evaluating the Feasibility of a Pilot Exercise Intervention Implemented Within a Residential Rehabilitation Unit for People With Severe Mental Illness

    Open Access•Nicole Korman, Nicole H Korman et al.•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2018

  • Allometric Association between Six-Minute Walk Distance and Both Body Size and Shape in Young Obese Girls

    Open Access•Emna Makni, Younés Hachana et al.•Children•2023

  • Clusters of Survivors of Covid-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Failure According to Response to Exercise

    Open Access•Michele Vitacca, Mara Paneroni et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • The Factorial Validity of the Norwegian Version of the Multicomponent Training Distress Scale (MTDS-N)

    Open Access•Cathrine Nyhus Hagum, Shaher A I Shalfawi•International Journal of…•2020

Unique citing works393
Citations per year9,82
Citation span1986 - 2026 (41)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 322
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae