Freedom, growth, and the environment
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23328342 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Scott Barrett (0000-0001-5921-9830, Johns Hopkins University), Kathryn Graddy (0000-0003-0832-0239, Phillips Exeter Academy) |
| Year | 2000 |
| Volume | 5 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 433-456 |
| Publication date | 2000-10-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Environment and Development Economics (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1355-770X • E-ISSN: 1469-4395 |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1017/s1355770x00000267 |
| OpenAlex | W2155008429 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 82 |
| References cited | 13 |
A number of recent papers have found that certain measures of pollution worsen and later improve as income per head increases. It is widely believed that the downhill portion of this inverted-U curve reflects an induced policy response; that, as incomes rise, citizens demand improvements in environmental quality, and that these demands are delivered by the political system. In this paper we find that, for a number of pollution variables, an increase in civil and political freedoms significantly improves environmental quality. For other pollution variables, however, we find that freedoms have no effect. The former finding suggests that political reforms may be as important as economic reforms in improving environmental quality worldwide. The latter finding hints that the observation that pollution levels fall with income, once income becomes high enough, may not always reflect an induced policy response.
Development economics · Economics · Environmental pollution · Environmental protection · Environmental quality · Geography · Natural resource economics · Political science · Politics · Public economics · Quality (philosophy) · Climate Change Policy and Economics · Ecology · Energy, Environment, Economic Growth · Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth · Law · Pollution
Does the Conceptualization and Measurement of Democracy Quality Matter in Comparative Climate Policy Research
Environmental political business cycles
Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 in Canada
The effect of government expenditure on the environment
Efficiency analysis of irrigation water demand institutions in Tunisia
Hétérogénéité des agents et la relation pollution-revenu
Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment
Corruption, growth, and the environment
Trade, Growth, and the Environment
The Environmental Kuznets Curve
The Haves, the Have-Nots, and the Health of Everyone
FDI, industrialisation and environmental quality in SSA—the role of institutional quality towards environmental sustainability
Green official development Aid and carbon emissions
Governmental Capabilities and Responsiveness
Are Democracies Cleaner
Governance for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
The influence of institutions, governance, and public opinion on the environment
Democracy and carbon dioxide emissions
Capitalism, State Economic Policy and Ecological Footprint
Part of the Problem? The Eurasian Economic Union and Environmental Challenges in the Former Soviet Union
The characterization of socio-political instability, development and sustainability with Fisher information
Beyond the haze
Environmental pressure group strength and air pollution
Economic Freedom, Corruption, and Species Imperilment
The Effects of Liberalism on the Terrestrial Environment
Environment During growth
Democracy, Financial Openness, and Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Local interest group activity and environmental degradation in authoritarian regimes
Debt, democratization, and development in Latin America
The “Women’s Representation-Corruption Link” and Environmentalism
Media Attention, Political Processes, and Air Pollution in the United States
National environmental policies as shelter from the storm
Financial technology, greenfield investment, and sustainable development
A political–institutional explanation of environmental performance in Latin America
Does democracy guarantee (de)forestation? An empirical analysis
Quality of Government
Political instability, corruption and policy formation
What drives the preferences for cleaner energy? Parametrizing the elasticities of environmental quality demand for greenhouse gases
Uncovering the Connections Among Sustainability, Governance and GDP
Is Trade Good or Bad for the Environment? Sorting Out the Causality
Why Cooperate? Public Goods, Economic Power, and the Montreal Protocol
Promouvoir le patrimoine pour un développement soutenable
Explaining national environmental performance
The Political Economy of Weak Treaties
Will Democratization Save the Climate? An Entropy-Balanced, Random Slope Study
Macroeconomic conditions in the U.S. and congressional voting on environmental policy
The heterogeneous effects of renewable energy, urbanization and democracy on CO2 emissions
Analyzing transport demand and environmental degradation
Impact of institutional quality on environment and energy consumption
Effects of economic, social, and political globalization on environmental quality
Land degradation, economic growth and structural change
The effect of democracy on energy efficiency in European countries
Regulation, governance and the role of the informal sector in influencing environmental quality
Do differences in attitudes explain differences in national climate change policies
Democracy and climate change policies
The fragility of the Environmental Kuznets Curve
Effects of political institutions on air quality
Does trade liberalization lead to environmental burden shifting in the global economy
The demand for environmental quality and the environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis
Unveiling the anthropogenic dynamics of environmental change with the stochastic Irpat model
Population aging and environmental quality in OECD countries
Are bigger governments better providers of public goods? Evidence from air pollution
The Role of Media System Development in the Emergence of Postmaterialist Values and Environmental Concern
Is Environmental Justice Good for White Folks? Industrial Air Toxics Exposure in Urban A merica
Determinants of futures-oriented environmental policies
Is Inequality Harmful for the Environment? An Empirical Analysis Applied to Developing and Transition Countries
National Institutions and Global Public Goods
Is there an environmental version of the Kantian peace? Insights from water pollution in Europe
Sustainability as a Conceptual Focus for Public Administration
Political and Social Foundations for Environmental Sustainability
Winning Coalition Size, State Capacity, and Time Horizons
Democracy and Environmental Degradation
Research Frontiers in Comparative and International Environmental Politics
State Capacity and the Environmental Investment Gap in Authoritarian States
Democracy, Autocracy, and Everything in Between
Right-Wing Stewards
L’effet de la démocratie sur la dégradation de l’environnement
Correlates of deforestation in Turkey
Authoritarian environmentalism under democracy
Liberal democracy and sustainability
Do Democracies Exhibit Stronger International Environmental Commitment? A Cross-country Analysis
International Linkages and Environmental Sustainability
Economic Development and Environmental Quality
Environmental Quality and Development
Economic Growth, Carrying Capacity, and the Environment
Democracy and growth
Ownership Risk, Investment, and the Use of Natural Resources
An Inquiry into Well-Being and Destitution
Growth, income distribution, and democracy
Political Institutions and Pollution Control
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Income, inequality, and pollution
Ratification of the 1992 Climate Change Convention
A Tale of Two Collectives
Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development
| Unique citing works | 82 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,28 |
| Citation span | 2001 - 2025 (25) |
| Citation velocity | recent |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 76 |