What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23328630 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Yarden Stern (0000-0001-7542-3241, Columbia University, corresponding author), Yaakov Stern |
| Year | 2002 |
| Volume | 8 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 448-460 |
| Publication date | 2002-03-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1355-6177 • E-ISSN: 1469-7661 |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1017/s1355617702813248 |
| PMID | 11939702 |
| OpenAlex | W2103860290 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 316 |
| References cited | 2 |
The idea of reserve against brain damage stems from the repeated observation that there does not appear to be a direct relationship between the degree of brain pathology or brain damage and the clinical manifestation of that damage. This paper attempts to develop a coherent theoretical account of reserve. One convenient subdivision of reserve models revolves around whether they envision reserve as a passive process, such as in brain reserve or threshold, or see the brain as actively attempting to cope with or compensate for pathology, as in cognitive reserve. Cognitive reserve may be based on more efficient utilization of brain networks or of enhanced ability to recruit alternate brain networks as needed. A distinction is suggested between reserve, the ability to optimize or maximize normal performance, and compensation, an attempt to maximize performance in the face of brain damage by using brain structures or networks not engaged when the brain is not damaged. Epidemiologic and imaging data that help to develop and support the concept of reserve are presented. ( JINS , 2002, 8 , 448–460.)
Brain damage · Cognition · Cognitive impairment · Cognitive psychology · Cognitive reserve · Compensation (psychology) · Geography · Nature reserve · Process (computing) · Computer Science · Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research · Functional Brain Connectivity Studies · Neuroscience · Psychology · Social Psychology · Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
“Kinlessness”, friend and family support, and cognitive function by region and urbanicity in the United States
Causal effect of mandatory elementary education textbooks on literacy and cognition of low socioeconomic status older adults
Post-operative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing elective orthopaedic lower limb surgeries under central neuraxial anaesthesia
Trajectories of Cognitive Ageing among Thai Later-Life Adults
Daily Stimulation and Cognitive Functioning
Neuroethics of Cognitive Enhancement
Cognitive Reserve Moderates Effects of White Matter Hyperintensity on Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Late-Life Depression
Nonlinear association between TyG-related Indices and motoric cognitive risk syndrome in depressive individuals
Life-Course Pathways to Cognitive Aging
Relationship between Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Impairment in Autonomous and Institutionalized Older Adults
The Prevalence of Amnestic and Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Association with Different Lifestyle Factors in a South Italian Elderly Population
Unraveling the Protective Effects of Cognitive Reserve on Cognition and Brain
Apoe Variant (rs405509) might Modulate the Effect of Sex and Educational Level on Cognitive Impairment Risk in a Taiwanese Population
A Structural Equation Model for Understanding the Relationship between Cognitive Reserve, Autonomy, Depression and Quality of Life in Aging
Driving-Related Cognitive Abilities
Height, aging and cognitive abilities across Europe
Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience
Perspectivas Atuais Na Prevenção Da Doença De Alzheimer
Tradução, Validação Cultural E Semântica Do Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (Criq) Para O Português Brasileiro
Línguas em conflito
Characterization and sociocultural predictors of neuropsychological test performance in HIV+ Hispanic individuals
Retraite, activités non professionnelles et vieillissement cognitif. Une exploration à partir des données de Share
Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.
Associations between childhood adversities and late-life cognitive function
Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle
Efeitos de um treino de atenção, memória e funções executivas na cognição de idosos saudáveis
Depression and episodic memory across the adult lifespan
A longitudinal twin study of general cognitive ability over four decades
The cognitive reserve hypothesis
Cognitive performance across the life course of Bolivian forager-farmers with limited schooling
Is education associated with improvements in general cognitive ability, or in specific skills
Age and time-to-death trajectories of change in indicators of cognitive, sensory, physical, health, social, and self-related functions
Cognitive performance trends among European older adults
A descriptive epidemiological study of the prevalence of self-reported sensory difficulties by age group, sex, education, disability, and migration status in Sweden in 2020
Education and Apoe-e4 in Longitudinal Cognitive Decline
Gender Disparity in Late-life Cognitive Functioning in India
Sex differences in the association between occupational environment exposures and cognitive function outcomes in later life
Partnership and Cognitive Aging in Europe
Beyond the classroom
Assessment of Intellectual Functioning
Environmental Influences on Development of the Nervous System
Weiterbildung in der zweiten Lebenshälfte
Mental work demands, retirement, and longitudinal trajectories of cognitive functioning.
The Impact of Age on Cognition
Bilingualism and cognition
Bilingualism delays age at onset of dementia, independent of education and immigration status
Normal Cognitive Aging
Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development
The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults
Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia
Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease
Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Later Life
Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Education and Cognitive Decline in Older Americans
Retirement effects on health in Europe
Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults
How Does it STAC Up? Revisiting the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition
Lifecourse Social Conditions and Racial and Ethnic Patterns of Cognitive Aging
Bilingualism
Meta-Analysis Reveals a Bilingual Advantage That Is Dependent on Task and Age
How leisure activities affect health
An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia
Does retirement affect cognitive functioning?
Racial/Ethnic and Nativity Differences in Cognitive Life Expectancies Among Older Adults in the United States
Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span
Cognitive and Linguistic Processing in the Bilingual Mind
Late-Life Social Activity and Cognitive Decline in Old Age
The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence
Bilingual Minds
The Adaptive Brain
Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing
Bilingualism
Ageing, cognitive abilities and retirement
Idea Density Measured in Late Life Predicts Subsequent Cognitive Trajectories
Associations of lifetime cumulative estrogen exposure with lifecourse social exposures, cognitive decline, and dementia risk among postmenopausal White, Black, and Latina women
Education Differentially Buffers Cognitive Performance in Black and White Older Adults
Change Is Good for the Brain
Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Style From Childhood
The Role of Occupation in Explaining Cognitive Functioning in Later Life
Variety of Enriching Early-Life Activities Linked to Late-Life Cognitive Functioning in Urban Community-Dwelling African Americans
Lifecourse Activity Participation From Early, Mid, and Later Adulthood as Determinants of Cognitive Aging
Leisure Activity in Old Age and Risk of Dementia
Early-Life Maternal Relationship Quality and Cognitive Function in Later Life
Adult-Life Occupational Exposures
Perceived control, brain health, and cognitive reserve
Effects of Preretirement Work Complexity and Postretirement Leisure Activity on Cognitive Aging
Retirement Type and Cognitive Functioning in Japan
Demographic Effects on Longitudinal Semantic Processing, Working Memory, and Cognitive Speed
Concurrent and Longitudinal Relationships Between Cognitive Activity, Cognitive Performance, and Brain Volume in Older Adult Women
Economic Downturns, Retirement and Long-Term Cognitive Function Among Older Americans
Rich and Balanced Experiences of Daily Emotions Are Associated With Activity Diversity Across Adulthood
Education, Social Engagement, and Cognitive Function
Patterns of Social Engagement Among Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment
The Role of Midlife Occupational Complexity and Leisure Activity in Late-Life Cognition
Separating the Effects of Transitions Into and Out of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Cognitive Function in Later Life
How Welfare Regimes Moderate the Associations Between Cognitive Aging, Education, and Occupation
Apolipoprotein E, B Vitamins, and Cognitive Function in Older Adults
Use of Spoken and Written Japanese Did Not Protect Japanese-American Men From Cognitive Decline in Late Life
Loneliness Increases the Risk of All-Cause Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
| Unique citing works | 316 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 13,74 |
| Citation span | 2003 - 2026 (24) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 284 |