Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta‐analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources

Bibliographic Data

ID23337477
AuthorsMichael Gusenbauer (0000-0001-7768-2351, Institute of Innovation Management Johannes Kepler University Linz Linz Austria), Neal Haddaway (0000-0003-3902-2234, Stockholm Environment Institute Linnégatan 87D Stockholm Sweden)
Year2020
Volume11
Issue2
Pages181-217
Publication date2020-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueResearch Synthesis Methods (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1759-2879 • E-ISSN: 1759-2887
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1002/jrsm.1378
LanguageEN
Citations received281
References cited69

Rigorous evidence identification is essential for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (evidence syntheses) because the sample selection of relevant studies determines a review's outcome, validity, and explanatory power. Yet, the search systems allowing access to this evidence provide varying levels of precision, recall, and reproducibility and also demand different levels of effort. To date, it remains unclear which search systems are most appropriate for evidence synthesis and why. Advice on which search engines and bibliographic databases to choose for systematic searches is limited and lacking systematic, empirical performance assessments. This study investigates and compares the systematic search qualities of 28 widely used academic search systems, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. A novel, query‐based method tests how well users are able to interact and retrieve records with each system. The study is the first to show the extent to which search systems can effectively and efficiently perform (Boolean) searches with regards to precision, recall, and reproducibility. We found substantial differences in the performance of search systems, meaning that their usability in systematic searches varies. Indeed, only half of the search systems analyzed and only a few Open Access databases can be recommended for evidence syntheses without adding substantial caveats. Particularly, our findings demonstrate why Google Scholar is inappropriate as principal search system. We call for database owners to recognize the requirements of evidence synthesis and for academic journals to reassess quality requirements for systematic reviews. Our findings aim to support researchers in conducting better searches for better evidence synthesis.

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