Fixed effects, random effects and GEE
What are the differences?
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 23337692 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Joseph C Gardiner (0000-0003-2605-6478, Michigan State University, corresponding author), Zhehui Luo (0000-0001-9193-3380, RTI International), Lee Anne Roman (0000-0003-1978-9307, Michigan State University) |
| Year | 2009 |
| Volume | 28 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 221-239 |
| Publication date | 2009-01-30 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Statistics in Medicine (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0277-6715 • E-ISSN: 1097-0258 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1002/sim.3478 |
| PMID | 19012297 |
| OpenAlex | W2003750542 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 59 |
| References cited | 41 |
For analyses of longitudinal repeated‐measures data, statistical methods include the random effects model, fixed effects model and the method of generalized estimating equations. We examine the assumptions that underlie these approaches to assessing covariate effects on the mean of a continuous, dichotomous or count outcome. Access to statistical software to implement these models has led to widespread application in numerous disciplines. However, careful consideration should be paid to their critical assumptions to ascertain which model might be appropriate in a given setting. To illustrate similarities and differences that might exist in empirical results, we use a study that assessed depressive symptoms in low‐income pregnant women using a structured instrument with up to five assessments that spanned the pre‐natal and post‐natal periods. Understanding the conceptual differences between the methods is important in their proper application even though empirically they might not differ substantively. The choice of model in specific applications would depend on the relevant questions being addressed, which in turn informs the type of design and data collection that would be relevant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covariate · Data mining · Econometrics · Fixed effects model · Gee · Generalized estimating equation · Longitudinal data · Meta-analysis · Outcome (game theory) · Panel data · Random effects model · Statistical model · Statistics · Advanced Causal Inference Techniques · Computer Science · Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum · Mathematics · Medicine · Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Health Behaviour Changes Around Transitions Into and Out of Unpaid Caregiving in the UK
More Expansive State Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program eligibility, intimate partner violence, and mental health during the preconception, prenatal, and postpartum periods
Disgust elicited by third-party incest
Cultural productivism and public support for the universal basic income from a cross-national perspective
Do changes in income, deprivation, labour force status and family status influence smoking behaviour over the short run? Panel study of 15 000 adults
Quality of parental homework involvement
Study of active neighborhoods in Detroit (StAND)
Do changes in social and economic factors lead to changes in drinking behavior in young adults? Findings from three waves of a population based panel study
Association between parental stress, coping, mood, and subsequent child physical activity and screen-time
On the unnecessary ubiquity of hierarchical linear modeling.
Methods to estimate the between‐study variance and its uncertainty in meta‐analysis
Social Participation and Depression in Old Age
To GEE or Not to GEE
Fixed effects analysis of repeated measures data
The Effect of Small Sample Size on Two-Level Model Estimates
The economic and environmental dimension of sustainable development and evaluation of selected areas in EU countries
The effect of informal caregiving on physical health among non-migrants and Ethnic German Immigrants in Germany
Estimating and comparing incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases by combining GP registry data
The association of county-level socioeconomic factors with individual tobacco and alcohol use
Gender differences in the relationship between informal caregiving and subjective health
Repeated Measures Regression in Laboratory, Clinical and Environmental Research
The impact of spousal bereavement on subjective wellbeing
Comparing the effects of reduced social contact on psychosocial wellbeing before and during the Covid-19 pandemic
The impact of social participation on mental health among the older adult in China
The impact of the urban–rural residents’ medical insurance integration on rural residents’ out-of-pocket medical costs
Consulting doctors online after offline treatment
Institutional mistrust and child vaccination coverage in Africa
Explaining the asset growth anomaly in the restaurant industry
Understanding the effects of self-peer-platform incentives on users' physical activity in mobile fitness apps
Examining how domains of functional difficulties affect children's school enrollment in Egypt
Protocol for the pragmatic evaluation of the Department of the Air Force’s Personal Financial Readiness Program
The impact of urban proximity, transport accessibility and policy on urban growth
Aiming Right at You
The association between park visitation and physical activity measured with accelerometer, GPS, and travel diary
Ambient Air Conditions and Variation in Urban Trail Use
How does working nonstandard hours impact psychological resources important for parental functioning? Evidence from an Australian longitudinal cohort study
Can We Measure and Analyze Structural Racism in the Study of Health
Young Men’s Social Network Characteristics and Associations with Sexual Partnership Concurrency in Tanzania
Predictors of Father–Child Relationship Quality Among Adolescents at Risk of Maltreatment
Does Industrial Waste Reuse Bring Dual Benefits of Economic Growth and Carbon Emission Reduction
Relationship Between Type of Delivery and Growth Trajectory in the First Year of Life
Modeling Clustered Data with Very Few Clusters
Effect Partitioning in Cross-Sectionally Clustered Data Without Multilevel Models
Accommodating Small Sample Sizes in Three-Level Models When the Third Level is Incidental
Economic integration and intra-trade between China and South Asia
Who sells what? Country specific differences in substance availability on the Agora cryptomarket
Drivers of changes in agricultural intensity in Europe
Household debt and depressive symptoms among older adults in three continental European countries
No quick fix
Integrating personality, daily life events and emotion
Does Neighborhood Collective Efficacy for Families Change Over Time? The Boston Neighborhood Survey
State Child Abuse and Mandated Reporting Policies for Prenatal Substance Use and Congenital Syphilis Case Rates
Sexual Identity and Birth Cohort Differences in Social Support and Its Link with Well-Being among Sexual Minority Individuals
Candidates or Districts? Reevaluating the Role of Race in Voter Turnout
Making Best Friends From Other Groups and Mental Health of Chinese Adolescents
How to present work productivity loss results from clinical trials for patients and caregivers? A mixed methods approach
Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using sibling comparisons
Disability, poverty, and role of the basic livelihood security system on health services utilization among the elderly in South Korea
Pet's Presence and Owner's Blood Pressures during the Daily Lives of Pet Owners with Pre- to Mild Hypertension
Generalized Latent Variable Modeling
Analysis of Longitudinal Data
Econometric Analysis of Panel Data
Applied Longitudinal Analysis
Analysis of Panel Data
Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models
Mixed-Effects Models in Sand S-PLUS
Longitudinal and Panel Data
Generalized Linear Models
Modeling the Drop-Out Mechanism in Repeated-Measures Studies
Analysis of Semiparametric Regression Models for Repeated Outcomes in the Presence of Missing Data
QIC Program and Model Selection in GEE Analyses
Distribution-free estimation of some nonlinear panel data models
Chapter 24 Econometric analysis of qualitative response models
Inverse probability weighted estimation for general missing data problems
Small Sample Inference for Fixed Effects from Restricted Maximum Likelihood
Analysis of Covariance with Qualitative Data
Maximum likelihood estimation of limited and discrete dependent variable models with nested random effects
Specification Tests in Econometrics
The CES-D Scale
Testing Structural Equation Models
Analysis of Panel Data
Estimation, Inference and Specification Analysis
The Stress Process
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Some Specification Tests for the Linear Regression Model
| Unique citing works | 59 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 3,47 |
| Citation span | 2009 - 2026 (18) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 53 |