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The Flipped Classroom

A Course Redesign to Foster Learning and Engagement in a Health Professions School

Bibliographic Data

ID23345307
AuthorsJacqueline E Mclaughlin (0000-0002-9161-8441, Twitter (United States)), Mary T Roth (Twitter (United States)), Dylan M Glatt (0000-0002-2567-4752, Twitter (United States)), Nastaran Gharkholonarehe (Twitter (United States)), Christopher A Davidson (Twitter (United States)), LaToya M Griffin (Twitter (United States)), Denise Esserman (0000-0003-1326-9618, Twitter (United States)), Denise A Esserman, Russell J Mumper (Twitter (United States), corresponding author)
Year2014
Volume89
Issue2
Pages236-243
Publication date2014-02-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueAcademic Medicine (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1040-2446 • E-ISSN: 1938-808X
PublisherOxford University Press (OUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1097/acm.0000000000000086
PMID24270916
OpenAlexW2161074502
LanguageEN
Citations received76
References cited16

Recent calls for educational reform highlight ongoing concerns about the ability of current curricula to equip aspiring health care professionals with the skills for success. Whereas a wide range of proposed solutions attempt to address apparent deficiencies in current educational models, a growing body of literature consistently points to the need to rethink the traditional in-class, lecture-based course model. One such proposal is the flipped classroom, in which content is offloaded for students to learn on their own, and class time is dedicated to engaging students in student-centered learning activities, like problem-based learning and inquiry-oriented strategies. In 2012, the authors flipped a required first-year pharmaceutics course at the University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy. They offloaded all lectures to self-paced online videos and used class time to engage students in active learning exercises. In this article, the authors describe the philosophy and methodology used to redesign the Basic Pharmaceutics II course and outline the research they conducted to investigate the resulting outcomes. This article is intended to serve as a guide to instructors and educational programs seeking to develop, implement, and evaluate innovative and practical strategies to transform students' learning experience. As class attendance, students' learning, and the perceived value of this model all increased following participation in the flipped classroom, the authors conclude that this approach warrants careful consideration as educators aim to enhance learning, improve outcomes, and fully equip students to address 21st-century health care needs.

Active learning (machine learning) · Attendance · Class (philosophy) · Curriculum · Experiential learning · Flipped Classroom · Mathematics education · Medical education · Pedagogy · Political science · Teaching method · Computer Science · Innovations in Medical Education · Innovative Teaching Methods · Medicine · Nursing · Pharmacy · Problem and Project Based Learning · Psychology

  • The Effectiveness of Flipped Learning During the Pandemic to Improve the Writing Competence of STMIK STIKOM Indonesia Students

    Open Access•Kadek Yogi Susana, A A Gede Raka Wahyu Brahma•RETORIKA Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa•2021

  • Aula invertida como herramienta para el logro de aprendizaje autónomo en estudiantes universitarios

    Open Access•Danny Nicke Ventosilla Sosa, Héctor Raúl Santa María Relaiza et al.•Propósitos y Representaciones•2021

  • Producción científica de aprendizaje invertido y aula invertida en Web of Science

    Open Access•Jesús López-Belmonte, Antonio-José Moreno-Guerrero et al.•Texto Livre Linguagem e Tecnologia•2021

  • Effectiveness of flipped learning and augmented reality in the new educational normality of the Covid-19 era

    Open Access•Santiago Pozo-Sánchez, Jesús López-Belmonte et al.•Texto Livre Linguagem e Tecnologia•2021

  • Investigating the Relationship between Volitional Strategies and Academic Achievement in a Flipped Learning Environment/Istraživanje odnosa voljnih strategija i akademskog postignuća u 'obrnutoj učionici'

    Open Access•Bengi Birgili, Nevra Seggie et al.•Croatian Journal of Education -…•2019

  • Student Satisfaction with Audio-Visual Flipped Classroom Learning

    Open Access•Yueh‐Chen Yeh•International Journal of…•2022

  • Perceptions about the Self-Learning Methodology in Simulated Environments in Nursing Students

    Open Access•José Luis Díaz Agea, Antonio Jesús Ramos‐Morcillo et al.•International Journal of…•2019

  • On the use of flipped classroom across various disciplines

    Open Access•Khe Foon Hew, Shurui Bai et al.•Australasian Journal of…•2021

  • Students’ perspectives of using cooperative learning in a flipped statistics classroom

    Open Access•Liwen Chen, Tung‐Liang Chen et al.•Australasian Journal of…•2015

  • Understanding the antecedents of knowledge sharing behaviour and its relationship to team effectiveness and individual learning

    Open Access•Chun-Yu Lin, Chung-Kai Huang•Australasian Journal of…•2019

  • Introducing the flip

    Open Access•Margaret Simmons, Deb Colville et al.•Australasian Journal of…•2020

  • The impact of perceived enjoyment on team effectiveness and individual learning in a blended learning business course

    Open Access•Chung-Yu Lin, Chung-Kai Huang et al.•Australasian Journal of…•2020

  • Efectividad de la metodología de aula inversa en el ámbito universitario. Una revisión sistemática

    Open Access•Cristina Bosch‐Farré, Jordi Cicres et al.•Educación XX1•2024

  • Hochschullehre als reflektierte Praxis

    Open Access•Tobias Schmohl, Kieu-Anh To•Hochschullehre als reflektierte…•2019

  • Improvements from a Flipped Classroom May Simply Be the Fruits of Active Learning

    Open Access•J Jensen, Jamie L Jensen et al.•CBE—Life Sciences Education•2015

  • Enhancing Student Engagement Using the Flipped Classroom

    Open Access•Mary Beth Gilboy, Scott Heinerichs et al.•Journal of Nutrition Education…•2015

  • Flipped classroom improves student learning in health professions education

    Open Access•Khe Foon Hew, Chung Kwan Lo•BMC Medical Education•2018

  • Postdigital Education in Design and Practice

    Open Access•Tim Fawns•Postdigital Science and Education•2019

  • Using the flipped classroom to enhance EFL learning

    Jun Chen Hsieh, Jun Scott Chen Hsieh et al.•Computer Assisted Language Learning•2017

  • The use of flipped classrooms in higher education

    Open Access•Jacqueline O'Flaherty, Craig Phillips•The Internet and Higher Education•2015

  • The impact of a flipped classroom approach on student learning experience

    Open Access•Isaiah T Awidi, Mark Paynter•Computers & Education•2019

  • Case-based in-person teaching improves self-directed mastery of the MDS-UPDRS motor scoring

    Open Access•Mengyu Zhang, Jing Yuan et al.•BMC Medical Education•2026

  • Enhancing rational prescribing skills in pharmacy students

    Open Access•Mahsa Amin, Farshad Abedi et al.•BMC Medical Education•2026

  • Academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction in the anatomy education of two first-year dental medicine cohorts differing in instructional sequence and language

    Open Access•Hilal Melis Altıntaş, Tuğçe Akın et al.•BMC Medical Education•2026

  • Rethinking theories of lesson plan for effective teaching and learning

    Open Access•Md Hafiz Iqbal, Shamsun Akhter Siddiqie et al.•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2021

  • Fail, flip, fix, and feed – Rethinking flipped learning

    Open Access•Manu Kapur, John Hattie et al.•Frontiers in Education•2022

  • What Factors of the Teaching and Learning Environment Support the Learning of Generic Skills? First-Year Students’ Perceptions in Medicine, Dentistry and Psychology

    Open Access•Milla Räisänen, Eeva Pyörälä et al.•Frontiers in Education•2022

  • Teaching programming in higher education

    Open Access•Mariuxi Vinueza-Morales, Jorge Rodas-Silva et al.•Frontiers in Education•2025

  • The landscape of flipped classroom research

    Open Access•Fan Zhang, Hui Wang et al.•Frontiers in Education•2024

  • Components of the flipped classroom in higher education

    Open Access•Gesa Bintz, Jonathan Barenberg et al.•Frontiers in Education•2024

  • “A Little Flip Goes a Long Way”—The Impact of a Flipped Classroom Design on Student Performance and Engagement in a First-Year Undergraduate Economics Classroom

    Open Access•Nadia Singh•Education Sciences•2020

  • Assessment and Evaluation in Active Learning Implementations

    Open Access•Humberto Arruda, Édison Renato Silva•Education Sciences•2021

  • Student Preferences Impact Outcome of Flipped Classroom in Dental Education

    Open Access•Nan Xiao, Der Thor et al.•Education Sciences•2021

  • A Meta-Analysis of the Cognitive, Affective, and Interpersonal Outcomes of Flipped Classrooms in Higher Education

    Open Access•Hwan Young Jang, Hye Jeong Kim•Education Sciences•2020

  • The Impact of Flipped Learning on Cognitive Knowledge Learning and Intrinsic Motivation in Norwegian Secondary Physical Education

    Open Access•Ove Østerlie, Ingar Mehus•Education Sciences•2020

  • Understanding Student Behavior in a Flipped Classroom

    Open Access•Laura Dooley, Nikolas Makasis•Education Sciences•2020

  • The antecedent, consequences, and importance of students’ learning preference on learning outcomes with the flipped classroom approach

    Hilary K Y Ng, Paul Lam et al.•Journal of Research on Technology…•2025

  • How the number of lessons flipped influence the overall learning effectiveness and the perceptions of flipped learning experiences

    Hilary K Y Ng, Paul Lam•Interactive Learning Environments•2023

  • Impact of Online Flipped Classroom on Student Learning Experience

    Camilla K M Lo, Crystal Kwan et al.•Journal of Social Work Education•2024

  • A pilot study examining the impact of collaborative mind mapping strategy in a flipped classroom

    Open Access•Xudong Zheng, Tristan E Johnson et al.•Educational Technology Research…•2020

  • To prove or improve, that is the question

    Open Access•Peter C Honebein, Charles M Reigeluth•Educational Technology Research…•2021

  • Flipped Classroom or flip to foster self-regulation competencies in Mathematics in Economics and Business students

    Open Access•Yeray Rodríguez Rincón, Ana Munárriz et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Introducing the problem/project based learning as a learning strategy in University Social Responsibility Program - A study of local revitalization of Coastal Area, Yong-An District of Kaohsiung City

    Open Access•Kuo-Huan Ting, Chung-Ting Cheng et al.•Marine Policy•2021

  • Improving short‐term academic performance in the flipped classroom using dynamic geometry software

    Open Access•Chak‐Him Fung, Kin‐Keung Poon et al.•Journal of Computer Assisted…•2024

  • Student satisfaction with courses and instructors in a flipped classroom

    Open Access•Peter Strelan, Amanda Osborn et al.•Journal of Computer Assisted…•2020

  • Canadian social work education in mental health and addictions

    Toula Kourgiantakis, Karen M Sewell et al.•Social Work Education•2023

  • Rethinking the innovation, effectiveness and perceptions of flipped classroom ( Repensar la innovación, la eficacia y las percepciones del aula invertida )

    Open Access•Haoxi Deng•Journal for the Study of…•2023

  • Knowledge Acquisition and Retention in a Flipped Nursing Course

    Emily Ng, Emily Ka Lai NG•Journal of Nursing Education•2024

  • Barriers to workplace-based learning in the intensive care unit

    Nicholas Robillard, Christian Vincelette•Medical Teacher•2022

  • Comparison of flipped learning and traditional lecture method for teaching digestive system diseases in undergraduate medicine

    Manuel Hernández-Guerra, Manuel Hernández‐Guerra et al.•Medical Teacher•2021

  • To Flip or Not to Flip? A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Flipped Learning in Higher Education

    Open Access•Carrie A Bredow, Patricia V Roehling et al.•Review of Educational Research•2021

  • A Balancing Act

    Open Access•Andrew Golightly, Aubrey Golightly et al.•Journal of Geography•2024

  • ‘The idea is nice… but not for me’

    Open Access•Robin van der Velde, Nadine Blignaut – van Westrhenen et al.•Higher Education•2021

  • Preliminary evidence of key factors in successful flipping

    Open Access•Erkko Sointu, Mareena Hyypiä et al.•Higher Education•2023

  • The Flipped Classroom Approach in High School Psychology

    Open Access•Nicole Ritter, Ismahan Arslan‐Ari•TechTrends•2022

  • Investigating the Flipped Classroom Model in a High School Writing Course

    Open Access•Elizabeth Ann Florence, Tammi Kolski•TechTrends•2021

  • Using traditional or flipped classrooms to teach “vascular access skill”

    Open Access•Barış Sezer, Baris Sezer et al.•The Social Science Journal•2019

  • Out-of-class support for the flipped language classroom

    Open Access•Mengtian Chen•System•2025

  • Cui bono? On the relative merits of technology-enhanced learning and teaching in higher education

    Vlad Mykhnenko•Journal of Geography in Higher…•2016

  • The effectiveness of the GoKoan e-learning platform in improving university students’ academic performance

    Open Access•María José Nácher, Laura Badenes-Ribera et al.•Studies In Educational Evaluation•2021

  • An investigation of Iranian EFL learner accountability

    Open Access•Leila Zarei, Mohammad Sadegh Bagheri et al.•Cogent Arts and Humanities•2021

  • Innovation and entrepreneurship education for medical students

    Open Access•Xinyang Wu, Fang Zhan et al.•Medical Education Online•2025

  • Flipped History Instruction

    David J Kang, Wai Chun Cherry Au•The Social Studies•2025

  • Cascading training the trainers in ophthalmology across Eastern, Central and Southern Africa

    Open Access•Melanie C Corbett, Wanjiku Mathenge et al.•Globalization and Health•2017

  • Development of Fewer Falls in MS —An Online, Theory‐Based, Fall Prevention Self‐Management Programme for People With Multiple Sclerosis

    Open Access•Susanna Tuvemo Johnson, Charlotte Ytterberg et al.•Health Expectations•2024

  • Evaluating the link between attendance and performance in higher education

    Stefan Büchele•Assessment & Evaluation in Higher…•2021

  • Open to critique

    Elana Curtis, Erena Wikaire et al.•Assessment & Evaluation in Higher…•2017

  • A Meta-synthesis Study on the Use of e-assessment Tools in Education

    Open Access•Elif Tuna Pusa, Serkan Dinçer•SAGE Open•2025

  • Psychological Factors Affecting Language-Learning Process in Saudi Arabia

    Open Access•Khaled Ahmed Abdel-Al Ibrahim, Abeer Ahmed Ali et al.•Education Research International•2022

  • Flipped learning in physical education

    Open Access•Ove Østerlie, Julia Sargent et al.•European Physical Education Review•2023

  • Exploring Flipped Classroom Effects on Second Language Learners’ Cognitive Processing

    Open Access•Jeong‐eun Kim, Hyunjin Park et al.•Foreign Language Annals•2017

  • Mapping the Scientific Landscape of the Flipped Classroom Model in K-12 Education During 2014-2024

    Open Access•Thi My Hong Tieu, Thi Thanh Tung Nguyen et al.•European Journal of Educational…•2025

  • Flipped Classroom to Improve University Student Centered Learning and Academic Performance

    Open Access•Ángel Custodio Mingorance Estrada, Juan Granda Vera et al.•Social Sciences•2019

  • Hacking the Music Theory Classroom

    Open Access•Philip Duker, Anna Gawboy et al.•Music Theory Online•2015

  • Flipping the Classroom in Teacher Education

    Open Access•Mike Yough, Hillary E Merzdorf et al.•Journal of Teacher Education•2019

  • Blended Learning Using Edmodo

    Open Access•Ahmed Hassan Rakha, Mahmoud Abdo Khalifa•SAGE Open•2024

  • Calls for Reform of Medical Education by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

    David M Irby, Molly Cooke et al.•Academic Medicine•2010

  • What's the use of lectures

    Donald Bligh•Journal of Geography in Higher…•1985

  • Inverting the Classroom

    Open Access•Maureen J Lage, Glenn Platt et al.•The Journal of Economic Education•2000

Unique citing works76
Citations per year6,91
Citation span2015 - 2026 (12)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 63

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