Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Humanity’s unsustainable environmental footprint

Bibliographic Data

ID23360482
AuthorsArjen Y Hoekstra (0000-0002-4769-5239, Twente Water Centre, Institute for Innovation and Governance Studies, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands., corresponding author), Thomas Wiedmann (0000-0002-6395-8887, The University of Sydney), Thomas O Wiedmann (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.)
Year2014
Volume344
Issue6188
Pages1114-1117
Publication date2014-06-06
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueScience (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0036-8075 • E-ISSN: 0193-4511
PublisherAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1126/science.1248365
PMID24904155
OpenAlexW2113219607
LanguageEN
Citations received173
References cited50

Within the context of Earth’s limited natural resources and assimilation capacity, the current environmental footprint of humankind is not sustainable. Assessing land, water, energy, material, and other footprints along supply chains is paramount in understanding the sustainability, efficiency, and equity of resource use from the perspective of producers, consumers, and government. We review current footprints and relate those to maximum sustainable levels, highlighting the need for future work on combining footprints, assessing trade-offs between them, improving computational techniques, estimating maximum sustainable footprint levels, and benchmarking efficiency of resource use. Ultimately, major transformative changes in the global economy are necessary to reduce humanity’s environmental footprint to sustainable levels.

Business · Context (archaeology) · Ecological footprint · Economics · Environmental economics · Environmental resource management · Equity (law) · Footprint · Geography · Natural resource · Natural resource economics · Resource Efficiency · Sustainability · Sustainable development · Ecology · Environmental Impact and Sustainability · Environmental Science · Global Energy and Sustainability Research · Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies

  • Sufficiency values through commoning relationality

    Open Access•Ben Robra, Alicia Trepat Pont et al.•Sustainable Futures•2026

  • Ambitious food system interventions required to mitigate the risk of exceeding Earth’s environmental limits

    Michalis Hadjikakou, Nicholas Bowles et al.•2023

  • Hanehalkı Karbon Ayak İzinin Yavaş Kent Ölçeğinde İrdelenmesi; Bolu - Mudurnu Örneği

    K Pınar KIRKIK AYDEMİR•JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HUMANITIES AND…•2022

  • Ods 8

    Open Access•Jorge Gutiérrez Goiria, Andrés Fernando Herrera•Revista Internacional de…•2021

  • Counter-Hegemonic Decision Premises in Commons-Based Peer Production

    Open Access•Ben Robra, Alex Pazaitis et al.•tripleC Communication Capitalism…•2021

  • Sustainability science as if the world mattered

    Open Access•Michael Pröpper, Michael H Pröpper•Conservation Ecology•2017

  • Transboundary flows in the metacoupled Anthropocene

    Open Access•Yingjie Li, Nan Jia et al.•Conservation Ecology•2023

  • The role of financial development and globalization in the environment

    Open Access•Shah Saud, Songsheng Chen et al.•Journal of Cleaner Production•2020

  • Extrapolation or saturation – Revisiting growth patterns, development stages and decoupling

    Open Access•Raimund Bleischwitz, Victor Nechifor et al.•Global Environmental Change•2017

  • Tracing CO2 emissions in global value chains

    Open Access•Bo Meng, Glen P Peters et al.•Energy Economics•2018

  • Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits

    Open Access•Marco Springmann, Michael Clark et al.•Nature•2018

  • Environmental and social footprints of international trade

    Open Access•Thomas Wiedmann, Manfred Lenzen•Nature Geoscience•2018

  • The Global Food‐Energy‐Water Nexus

    Open Access•Paolo D’odorico, Keith F Davis et al.•Reviews of Geophysics•2018

  • Systems integration for global sustainability

    Open Access•Jianguo Liu, H A Mooney et al.•Science•2015

  • National responsibility for ecological breakdown

    Open Access•Jason Hickel, Daniel W O''Neill et al.•The Lancet Planetary Health•2022

  • Decoupling global environmental pressure and economic growth

    Open Access•Heinz Schandl, Steve Hatfield–Dodds et al.•Journal of Cleaner Production•2016

  • Four billion people facing severe water scarcity

    Open Access•Mesfin M Mekonnen, Arjen Y Hoekstra•Science Advances•2016

  • Anatomy and resilience of the global production ecosystem

    Open Access•Magnus Nyström, Jean‐baptiste Jouffray et al.•Nature•2019

  • Substantial nitrogen pollution embedded in international trade

    Open Access•Azusa Oita, Arunima Malik et al.•Nature Geoscience•2016

  • Energy consumption, CO 2 emissions, and economic growth

    Open Access•Nikolaos Antonakakis, Ioannis Chatziantoniou et al.•Renewable and Sustainable Energy…•2017

  • Mapping urban–rural differences in the worldwide achievement of sustainable development goals

    Open Access•Yunyu Tian, Nandin‐Erdene Tsendbazar et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2022

  • Tracing Primary PM 2.5 emissions via Chinese supply chains

    Open Access•Jing Meng, Junfeng Liu et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2015

  • Detailed carbon footprint of long-term care in an aging society

    Open Access•Narumi Kira, Sho Hata et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2025

  • Eating healthy or wasting less? Reducing resource footprints of food consumption

    Open Access•Hanna Helander, Meike Brückner et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2021

  • Towards more spatially explicit assessments of virtual water flows

    Open Access•Rafaela Flach, Ylva Ran et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2016

  • Tracing global supply chains to air pollution hotspots

    Open Access•Daniel Moran, Keiichiro Kanemoto•Environmental Research Letters•2016

  • Reducing water scarcity by improving water productivity in the United States

    Open Access•Landon Marston, Gambhir Lamsal et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2020

  • Global drivers of local water stresses and global responses to local water policies in the United States

    Open Access•Iman Haqiqi, L C Bowling et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2023

  • Lost water and nitrogen resources due to EU consumer food waste

    Open Access•Davy Vanham, F Bouraoui et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2015

  • The control versus resilience rationale for managing systems under uncertainty

    Open Access•Arjen Y Hoekstra, Rianne Bredenhoff-Bijlsma et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2018

  • Global land use of diets in a small island community

    Open Access•Shinichiro Nakamura, Akiko Iida et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2021

  • The environmental footprint of academic and student mobility in a large research-oriented university

    Open Access•Julien Arsenault, Julie Talbot et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2019

  • Off-stage ecosystem service burdens

    Open Access•Unai Pascual, Ignacio Palomo et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2017

  • Matching scope, purpose and uses of planetary boundaries science

    Open Access•Andrea S Downing, Avit Kumar Bhowmik et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2019

  • The consumptive water footprint of the European Union energy sector

    Open Access•Davy Vanham, Hrvoje Medarac et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2019

  • Closing the yield gap while ensuring water sustainability

    Open Access•Lorenzo Rosa, Maria Cristina Rulli et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2018

  • Improved sustainability assessment of the G20’s supply chains of materials, fuels, and food

    Open Access•Livia Cabernard, Stephan Pfister et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2022

  • The growing importance of scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions from industry

    Open Access•Edgar G Hertwich, Richard Wood•Environmental Research Letters•2018

  • Global virtual water trade and the hydrological cycle

    Open Access•Paolo D’odorico, Joel A Carr et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2019

  • Different Material Footprint Trends between China and the World in 2007-2012 Explained by Construction- and Manufacturing-associated Investment

    Open Access•Meng Jiang, Paul Behrens et al.•One Earth•2022

  • Influence of Publicity and Education and Environmental Values on the Green Consumption Behavior of Urban Residents in Tibet

    Open Access•Huifang Ma, Weidong Chen et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • The Problematic Role of Materialistic Values in the Pursuit of Sustainable Well-Being

    Open Access•Amy Isham, Caroline Verfuerth et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Developing countries’ responsibilities for CO2 emissions in value chains are larger and growing faster than those of developed countries

    Open Access•Bo Meng, Yu Liu et al.•One Earth•2023

  • Operational efficiencies reduce emission intensity of online shopping in China by one-third between 2000 and 2023

    Open Access•Ruibin Xu, Huizhong Shen et al.•One Earth•2026

  • La décroissance urbaine est-elle soluble dans la transition écologique ? Expérimentations magdebourgeoises

    Daniel Florentin•Allemagne d aujourd hui•2020

  • The Water Footprint Concept and Water's Grand Environmental Challenges

    Open Access•Rick J Hogeboom•One Earth•2020

  • Emission degrowth potential of Chinese city cluster toward carbon neutrality

    Open Access•Mo Li, Siyu Liu et al.•Urban Climate•2026

  • The more you have, the more you want? Analysis of household material stocks and footprints

    Open Access•Julia Sborz, Jiajia Li et al.•Journal of Industrial Ecology•2026

  • Assessing the Contribution of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Towards Organisational Biodiversity Footprints

    Open Access•Charlotte Maddinson, Sami El Geneidy et al.•Business Strategy and the…•2026

  • Interprovincial food trade aggravates China’s land scarcity

    Open Access•Jianjian He, Siqi Wang et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2024

  • Herman E. Daly (1938–2022)

    Open Access•Daniel W O''Neill•Nature Sustainability•2022

  • The Dangers of Decoupling

    Open Access•Michael J Albert•Global Policy•2020

  • The carbon cost of rising incomes

    Open Access•Enrique Gilles, Darwin Cortés et al.•Ecological Economics•2026

  • Leveraging international trade for the ecological transition

    Open Access•GABRIEL SANTOS CARNEIRO, Guilherme Magacho et al.•Ecological Economics•2026

  • Resource efficiency-environmental unsustainability-social inequity “locked-in” for crop virtual water transfer

    Open Access•Fubin Sun, Wei Wang et al.•Environmental Impact Assessment…•2026

  • “A Sane Island in an Ocean of Madness”

    Open Access•Ben Robra, Alex Pazaitis et al.•Journal of Business Ethics•2025

  • Blockchain as a sustainability-oriented innovation

    Open Access•Nicola Friedman, Jarrod Ormiston•Technological Forecasting and…•2022

  • How to avoid the tragedy of alternative food networks (AFNs)? The impact of social capital and transparency on AFN performance

    Open Access•Paola De Bernardi, Alberto Bertello et al.•British Food Journal•2020

  • Integrating carbon-ecological footprints for determining inter-regional environmental imbalance risk and compensation strategy under multiple scenarios

    Open Access•Yizhong Chen, Yang Ren et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2025

  • Spatial optimization of land use and carbon storage prediction in urban agglomerations under climate change

    Open Access•Hao Wu, Yi Yang et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2024

  • Dynamic changes and sustainability assessment of food consumption footprint in megacities

    Open Access•Fanzhen Kong, Wanglai Cui et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2025

  • Measuring Qinghai-Tibet plateau's sustainability

    Open Access•Yupeng Fan, Chuanglin Fang•Sustainable Cities and Society•2022

  • Estimating sustainability and regional inequalities using an enhanced sustainable development index in China

    Open Access•Yaqi Jiang, Hanwei Liang et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2023

  • Past-to-future resources utilization efficiency and cross-regional compensation strategies in urban agglomerations driven by environmental footprint dynamic assessment

    Open Access•Yizhong Chen, Lingzhi Yang et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2025

  • Exploring the causal relationship between urbanization and air pollution

    Open Access•Haimeng Liu, Weijia Cui et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2022

  • Delineating urban growth boundaries under multi-objective and constraints

    Open Access•Weilin Wang, Limin Jiao et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2020

  • Integrated water resources management in cities in the world

    Open Access•Stef Koop, Chloé Grison et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2022

  • Carbon reduction benefits of photovoltaic-green roofs and their climate change mitigation potential

    Open Access•Taoyu Chen, Ni Zhang et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2024

  • Spatial patterns in urban water consumption

    Open Access•Mohammad Maleki, Amirbahador Damroodi et al.•Sustainable Cities and Society•2025

  • Regulating Consumption for Sustainability? Why the European Union Chooses Information Instruments to Foster Sustainable Consumption

    Open Access•Jan Pollex•European Policy Analysis•2017

  • Educación para la Justicia Ambiental

    Open Access•Sara Roldán-Arcos, José Manuel Pérez Martín et al.•Revista Internacional de…•2022

  • Bound by ethical complexities and socio-material histories

    Open Access•Ezra Ho•Energy Research & Social Science•2015

  • Four perspectives on water for global food production and international trade

    Open Access•Jeroen Vos, Pieter Van Oel et al.•Current Opinion in Environmental…•2019

  • The footprint’s fingerprint

    Open Access•Kai Fang, Siyang Song et al.•Current Opinion in Environmental…•2016

  • Potentials and limitations of footprints for gauging environmental sustainability

    Open Access•Alexis Laurent, Mikołaj Owsianiak•Current Opinion in Environmental…•2017

  • Toward “hardened” accountability? Analyzing the European Union's hybrid transnational governance in timber and biofuel supply chains

    Open Access•Christine Moser, Sina Leipold•Regulation & Governance•2019

  • Using markets to leverage investment in forest and landscape restoration in the tropics

    Open Access•Pedro H S Brancalion, David Lamb et al.•Forest Policy and Economics•2017

  • Is Green Growth Possible

    Jason Hickel, G Kallis•New Political Economy•2019

  • Understanding the Evolution of Sustainable Consumption Research

    Open Access•Yue Liu, Ying Qu et al.•Sustainable Development•2017

  • The contradiction of the sustainable development goals

    Open Access•Jason Hickel•Sustainable Development•2019

  • Sustainable Consumption and Production

    Open Access•Yanfei Geng, Shuyu Zhao et al.•Sustainable Development•2025

  • Wellbeing and Sustainability

    Open Access•Tuula Helne, Tuuli Hirvilammi•Sustainable Development•2015

  • Governance Pathways to Sustainable Development

    Open Access•Chen Zhang, Rongrong Li et al.•Sustainable Development•2026

  • Towards Addressing Unintended Environmental Consequences

    Open Access•Rafael Laurenti, Rajib Sinha et al.•Sustainable Development•2015

  • From Planetary Boundaries to national fair shares of the global safe operating space — How can the scales be bridged

    Open Access•Tiina Häyhä, Patrick Lucas et al.•Global Environmental Change•2016

  • Water, energy and land insecurity in global supply chains

    Open Access•Oliver Taherzadeh, Mike Bithell et al.•Global Environmental Change•2020

  • National environmental limits and footprints based on the Planetary Boundaries framework

    Open Access•Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi et al.•Global Environmental Change•2018

  • A contribution to harmonize water footprint assessments

    Open Access•Michael J Lathuillière, Cécile Bulle et al.•Global Environmental Change•2018

  • Meeting future food demand with current agricultural resources

    Open Access•Keith F Davis, Jessica A Gephart et al.•Global Environmental Change•2016

  • Estimating the global potential of water harvesting from successful case studies

    Open Access•Luigi Piemontese, Giulio Castelli et al.•Global Environmental Change•2020

  • Environmental and resource footprints in a global context

    Open Access•Arnold Tukker, Tanya Bulavskaya et al.•Global Environmental Change•2016

  • Towards a better future for biodiversity and people

    Open Access•Hyejin Kim, Glen D Peterson et al.•Global Environmental Change•2023

  • Towards meaningful consumption-based planetary boundary indicators

    Open Access•Mo Li, Thomas Wiedmann et al.•Global Environmental Change•2019

  • Trends in Japanese households' critical-metals material footprints

    Open Access•Yosuke Shigetomi, Keisuke Nansai et al.•Ecological Economics•2015

  • Environmental change and ecosystem functioning drive transitions in social-ecological systems

    Open Access•Maarten B Eppinga, Hugo J De Boer et al.•Ecological Economics•2023

  • The Circular Economy

    Open Access•Neal Millar, N R Millar et al.•Ecological Economics•2018

  • The risk-based environmental footprints and sustainability deficits of nations

    Open Access•Jianjian He, Pengyan Zhang et al.•Ecological Economics•2024

  • Material footprint and economic growth decoupling toward green development

    Open Access•Shaobo Guo, Fuguo Cao et al.•Ecological Economics•2025

  • Accounting matters

    Open Access•Joachim Peter Tilsted, Anders Bjørn et al.•Ecological Economics•2021

  • Environmental impact food labels combining carbon, nitrogen, and water footprints

    Open Access•Allison M Leach, Kyle A Emery et al.•Food Policy•2016

  • Prosperity without Growth

    Tim Jackson•Prosperity Without Growth•2009

  • Carbon Footprint of Nations

    Open Access•Edgar G Hertwich, Glen P Peters•Environmental Science & Technology•2009

  • Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008

    Open Access•Glen P Peters, Jan C Minx et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2011

  • A nitrogen footprint model to help consumers understand their role in nitrogen losses to the environment

    Open Access•Allison M Leach, James N Galloway et al.•Environmental Development•2012

  • Accounting for demand and supply of the biosphere's regenerative capacity

    Open Access•Michael Borucke, David Moore et al.•Ecological Indicators•2013

  • Carbon, Land, and Water Footprint Accounts for the European Union

    Kjartan Steen‐Olsen, Kjartan Steen-Olsen et al.•Environmental Science & Technology•2012

  • Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 °C

    Open Access•Malte Meinshausen, Nicolai Meinshausen et al.•Nature•2009

  • Global Monthly Water Scarcity

    Open Access•Arjen Y Hoekstra, Mesfin M Mekonnen et al.•PLoS ONE•2012

  • Global land and water grabbing

    Open Access•Maria Cristina Rulli, Antonio Saviori et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2013

  • The material footprint of nations

    Open Access•Thomas Wiedmann, Thomas O Wiedmann et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2015

  • Post-Kyoto greenhouse gas inventories

    Open Access•Glen P Peters, Edgar G Hertwich•Climatic Change•2008

  • International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations

    Open Access•Manfred Lenzen, Daniel Moran et al.•Nature•2012

  • Integrating Ecological, Carbon and Water footprint into a “Footprint Family” of indicators

    Open Access•Alessandro Galli, Thomas Wiedmann et al.•Ecological Indicators•2012

  • Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne

    Open Access•Myles R Allen, David J Frame et al.•Nature•2009

  • The water footprint of humanity

    Open Access•Arjen Y Hoekstra, Mesfin M Mekonnen•Proceedings of the National…•2012

  • Quantifying Carbon Footprint Reduction Opportunities for U.S. Households and Communities

    Christopher M Jones, Daniel M Kammen•Environmental Science & Technology•2011

  • Solutions for a cultivated planet

    Open Access•Jonathan A Foley, Josep Antoni Fluixà et al.•Nature•2011

  • A safe operating space for humanity

    Open Access•Johan Rockström, Will Steffen et al.•Nature•2009

  • Companies on the Scale

    Open Access•Thomas Wiedmann, Thomas O Wiedmann et al.•Journal of Industrial Ecology•2009

  • Carbon footprints of cities and other human settlements in the UK

    Open Access•Jan C Minx, Jan Minx et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2013

  • Measuring sustainability

    Open Access•Nathan Fiala•Ecological Economics•2008

  • Human appropriation of natural capital

    Open Access•Arjen Y Hoekstra•Ecological Economics•2009

  • Luxury or ‘lock-in’? An exploration of unsustainable consumption in the UK

    Open Access•Tim Jackson, Eleni Papathanasopoulou•Ecological Economics•2008

  • Shared producer and consumer responsibility — Theory and practice

    Open Access•Manfred Lenzen, Joy Murray et al.•Ecological Economics•2007

  • A first empirical comparison of energy Footprints embodied in trade — MRIO versus PLUM

    Open Access•Thomas Wiedmann•Ecological Economics•2009

  • Rebound effect

    Open Access•Debalina Chakravarty, Shyamasree Dasgupta et al.•Current Opinion in Environmental…•2013

  • Towards a revised planetary boundary for consumptive freshwater use

    Open Access•Dieter Gerten, Holger Hoff et al.•Current Opinion in Environmental…•2013

  • Biofuel scenarios in a water perspective

    Open Access•P W Gerbens-Leenes, A R van Lienden et al.•Global Environmental Change•2012

  • Affluence drives the global displacement of land use

    Open Access•Jan Weinzettel, Edgar G Hertwich et al.•Global Environmental Change•2013

  • The new competition for land

    Open Access•Mark Harvey, Sarah Pilgrim•Food Policy•2011

Unique citing works173
Citations per year15,73
Citation span2015 - 2026 (12)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 163
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae