Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Physical Activity

An Underestimated Investment in Human Capital?

Bibliographic Data

ID23364372
AuthorsRichard Bailey (0000-0003-0572-0640), Richard Peter Bailey (0000-0003-4650-6392, Liverpool John Moores University), Christine H Hillman (0000-0002-3722-5612, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign), Charles Hillman, Shawn M Arent (0000-0003-0647-0591, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey), Shawn Arent, Albert J Petitpas (Springfield College), Albert Petitpas
Year2013
Volume10
Issue3
Pages289-308
Publication date2013-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Physical Activity and Health (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1543-3080 • E-ISSN: 1543-5474
PublisherHuman Kinetics (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1123/jpah.10.3.289
PMID23620387
OpenAlexW2102534986
LanguageEN
Citations received67
References cited54

Despite the fact that physical activity is universally acknowledged to be an important part of healthy functioning and well-being, the full scope of its value is rarely appreciated. This article introduces a novel framework for understanding the relationships between physical activity (and specifically sport-related forms of physical activity) and different aspects of human development. It proposes that the outcomes of physical activity can be framed as differential ‘capitals’ that represent investments in domain-specific assets: Emotional, Financial, Individual, Intellectual, Physical, and Social. These investments, especially when made early in the life course, can yield significant rewards, both at that time and for years to come. The paper presents a new model—the Human Capital Model—that makes sense of these effects, outlines the different capitals, and briefly articulates the conditions necessary for the realization of Human Capital growth through physical activity.

Business · Economic growth · Economics · Human capital · Investment (military) · Physical activity · Physical capital · Political science · Realization (probability) · Scope (computer science) · Value (mathematics) · Computer Science · Law · Medicine · Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports · Physical Activity and Health · Psychology · Youth Development and Social Support

  • Psychological well-being and satisfaction with life of young athletic talents in safe educational environment

    Open Access•Jana Hanuliaková, Pavel Bartoš et al.•Journal of Infrastructure Policy…•2024

  • Descansos Activos

    Open Access•Henry Juan Javier Ninahuaman, Ali Edmundo Rojas Ginche et al.•Revista Prâksis•2024

  • Protective Factors Against Social Exclusion in Adolescents

    Open Access•Josune Rodríguez‐Negro, Javier Murillo-Moraño et al.•Children•2025

  • Motivation and Behaviour Change in Parkrun Participants in the Western Cape Province, South Africa

    Open Access•Edgar Chivunze, Theresa Burgess et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Barriers to Physical Activity Participation Among University Staff

    Open Access•Sami Elmahgoub, Hassan Mohamed et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Negotiating Fitness, From Consumption to Virtuous Production

    Ross D Neville, Catherine Gorman et al.•Sociology of Sport Journal•2015

  • The effectiveness of JU

    Open Access•Sally Barber, Daniel D Bingham et al.•BMC Public Health•2025

  • A Systematic Review of Life Skill Development Through Sports Programs Serving Socially Vulnerable Youth

    Open Access•Niels Hermens, Sabina Super et al.•Research Quarterly for Exercise…•2017

  • Corporate responsibility for childhood physical activity promotion in the UK

    Open Access•Liliana Leone, T LING et al.•Health Promotion International•2015

  • The beautiful game bringing families together

    Open Access•Melissa A Fothergill, Gursharan Gill et al.•Health Promotion International•2024

  • Examining the relationship between sports participation and youth developmental outcomes for socially vulnerable youth

    Open Access•Sabina Super, Niels Hermens et al.•BMC Public Health•2018

  • Can Health-Enhancing Sporting Programs in Sports Clubs Lead to a Settings-Based Approach? An Exploratory Qualitative Study

    Open Access•Linda Ooms, Mette van Kruijsbergen et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • The Effects of a Cognitively Challenging Physical Activity Intervention on School Children’s Executive Functions and Motivational Regulations

    Open Access•Athanasios Kolovelonis, Caterina Pesce et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Physical activity and non-suicidal self-injurious behavior in Chinese adolescents

    Open Access•Y Gao, LU Chang-fen et al.•Frontiers in Psychiatry•2024

  • Why Do New Parents Stop Practising Sport? A Retrospective Study towards the Determinants of Dropping Out after Becoming a Parent

    Open Access•H Bekhuis, Jasper van Houten et al.•International Journal of…•2024

  • Care–physical activity initiatives in the neighbourhood

    Open Access•Annemarie Wagemakers, Lisanne S Mulderij et al.•BMC Public Health•2018

  • Changes in Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Well-Being Following a School-Based Health Promotion Program in a Norwegian Region with a Poor Public Health Profile

    Open Access•Sabrina Krogh Schmidt, Michael Reinboth et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • The impact of empowering motivational climate in physical education on secondary school students’ life skills

    Open Access•Wenhao Xue, Rong Fan et al.•BMC Psychology•2026

  • The feasibility and acceptability of a classroom-based physical activity program for children attending specialist schools

    Open Access•Chloe Emonson, Nicole Papadopoulos et al.•BMC Public Health•2022

  • Longitudinal associations between preschoolers’ 24-h movement behaviors and development of self-regulation, executive function, vocabulary, and numeracy

    Open Access•Kristoffer Buene Vabø, Katrine Nyvoll Aadland et al.•BMC Public Health•2025

  • The positive impact of a care–physical activity initiative for people with a low socioeconomic status on health, quality of life and societal participation

    Open Access•Lisanne S Mulderij, Kirsten T Verkooijen et al.•BMC Public Health•2022

  • Improving the well-being of children and youths

    Open Access•Søren Smedegaard, L B Christiansen et al.•BMC Public Health•2016

  • The Role of Controlled Motivation in the Self-Esteem of Adolescent Students in Physical Education Classes

    Open Access•Alfonso Valero Valenzuela, Elisa Huéscar Hernández et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Longitudinal Motor-Developmental Outcomes in Infants with a Critical Congenital Heart Defect

    Open Access•Maaike C A Sprong, Marco van Brussel et al.•Children•2022

  • Elementary Students’ Perceptions of Cognitively Challenging Physical Activity Games in Physical Education

    Open Access•Athanasios Kolovelonis, Evdoxia Samara et al.•Children•2022

  • Physical activity promotion in persons with spinal cord injuries

    Open Access•Candace Vermaak, Suzanne Ferreira et al.•African Journal of Disability•2022

  • Socio-Emotional Skills in Adolescence. Influence of Personal and Extracurricular Variables

    Open Access•Iago Portela-Pino, Myriam Alvariñas Villaverde et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Physical Activity Experiences of South Asian Migrant Women in Western Australia

    Open Access•Alexis Pullia, Zakia Jeemi et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Version of the Life Skills Scale for Physical Education

    Open Access•Xiangbo Ji, Shaofeng Zheng et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Conceptualising Inclusion and Participation in the Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles

    Open Access•Richard Bailey, Richard Peter Bailey et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Primary School Children

    Open Access•Andy Daly-Smith, Matthew Hobbs et al.•International Journal of…•2021

  • Active Child, Accomplished Youth

    Open Access•Laurie-Anne Kosak, Kianoush Harandian et al.•Children•2024

  • The Impact of Brain Breaks Classroom-Based Physical Activities on Attitudes toward Physical Activity in Polish School Children in Third to Fifth Grade

    Open Access•Agata Glapa, Joanna Grzesiak et al.•International Journal of…•2018

  • Gendered pathways to youth livelihoods through sport

    Open Access•Thomas Wanner, Katja Siefken•Frontiers in Sports and Active…•2026

  • Exploring the longitudinal relationship between physical activity and grit

    Open Access•Inwoo Kim, In-Soo Kim et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2026

  • It’s all about control

    Open Access•Lena-Marie Precht, Jürgen Margraf et al.•Current Psychology•2023

  • The relationship between burden caused by coronavirus (Covid-19), addictive social media use, sense of control and anxiety

    Open Access•Julia Brailovskaia, Jürgen Margraf•Computers in Human Behavior•2021

  • Effective elements of care-physical activity initiatives for adults with a low socioeconomic status

    Open Access•Lisanne S Mulderij, Fieke Wolters et al.•Evaluation and Program Planning•2020

  • Recess Quality and Social and Behavioral Health in Elementary School Students

    Open Access•William V Massey, Janelle Thalken et al.•Journal of School Health•2021

  • Understanding the Benefits of Brief Classroom‐Based Physical Activity Interventions on Primary School‐Aged Children's Enjoyment and Subjective Wellbeing

    Open Access•Nicole Papadopoulos, Ana Mantilla et al.•Journal of School Health•2022

  • How elementary schools shape leisure-time physical activity among pupils in Israel

    Open Access•Ayala Zak Yehuda, Orna Baron-Epel•Health Education Journal•2026

  • The culture of special schools

    Anthony J Maher, Hayley Fitzgerald•Educational Review•2022

  • Socioeconomic status, sport participation, and school-related outcomes among Norwegian adolescents

    Open Access•Erik Grasaas, Øyvind Sandbakk et al.•Frontiers in Sports and Active…•2025

  • Does becoming a parent reduce sports participation? A longitudinal study of short- and long-term effects

    Open Access•H Bekhuis, Femke Van Abswoude•Frontiers in Sports and Active…•2025

  • Does the Covid-pandemic affect the educational and financial inequality in weekly sport participation in the Netherlands

    Open Access•Malou Grubben, Remco Hoekman et al.•Contemporary Social Science•2022

  • A Multidimensional Analysis of Sports Participation Patterns Among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Children in Slovakia

    Open Access•Hee Jung Hong, Grzegorz Botwina et al.•Physical Culture and Sport…•2025

  • The pursuit of lifelong participation

    David Parnell, Sarah Buxton et al.•Soccer and Society•2015

  • Exploring the factors that influence primary school community football physical education coaches’ readiness to engage in a life skills coach development programme

    Open Access•Darren Nolan•Sport Education and Society•2025

  • Attaining the Active School Flag

    Open Access•Ryan Bowles, Déirdre Ní Chróinín et al.•European Physical Education Review•2017

  • Human Capital Creation

    Open Access•Ansar Abbas, Dian Ekowati et al.•Journal of Religion and Health•2024

  • Young adolescents’ lived experience with teacher-led classroom-based physical activity

    Open Access•Sabrina Krogh Schmidt, Solfrid Bratland‐sanda et al.•Teaching and Teacher Education•2022

  • Leisure Crafting and Pro-Environmental Behavior

    Sheng‐hshiung Tsaur, Hui-Hsuan Yen•Leisure Sciences•2023

  • Evaluation of the Effect of Sports Activities on Syrian Students’ Social Cohesion Within the Scope of School Social Work

    Handan Karakaya, Şerif Uzunaslan et al.•Journal of Social Service Research•2024

  • Getting ‘in’ and ‘out of alignment’

    Ross D Neville, Catherine Gorman•Qualitative Research in Sport and…•2016

  • How young adults reflect on the role of sport in their socially vulnerable childhood

    Open Access•Sabina Super, Carlijn Wentink et al.•Qualitative Research in Sport and…•2019

  • Family sports planning in urban China

    Open Access•Yonghua Wang, Yoka Yonghua Wang et al.•Sport Education and Society•2026

  • Parental perceptions of neighborhood environments, BMI, and active behaviors in girls aged 7–9 years

    Open Access•Aristides M Machado‐rodrigue, Aristides M Machado‐Rodrigues et al.•American Journal of Human Biology•2014

  • The unrealised value of human motion – ‘moving back to movement!’

    Graham Dodd, Graham D Dodd•Asia-Pacific Journal of Health…•2015

  • Developmental outcomes and meanings in martial arts practice among youth

    Minke van der Kooi•European Journal for Sport and…•2020

  • Bidirectional associations between positive youth development and contribution

    Lucija Šutić, Miranda Novak et al.•Applied Developmental Science•2025

  • A Scoping Review of the Theory and Practice of Positive Youth Development

    Open Access•Jeffrey Waid, Maia Uhrich•The British Journal of Social Work•2020

  • Can leisure crafting enhance leisure engagement? The role of time structure and leisure type

    Sheng‐hshiung Tsaur, Chang-Hua Yen et al.•Leisure Studies•2021

  • A dual step transfer model

    Open Access•John L Bradley, Paul F Conway•British Educational Research…•2016

  • Placing community at the heart of community sport development

    Open Access•Kate Mori, Haydn Morgan et al.•Culture Sport Society•2025

  • Social capital and health among participants in the cachibol league in Israel

    Open Access•Orna Baron-Epel, Yuval Paldi et al.•International Review for the…•2021

  • A salutogenic perspective on sport-for-development research

    Open Access•Sabina Super, Kirsten Verkooijen et al.•Social Science & Medicine•2021

  • A Qualitative Exploration of Implementation, Adaptation, and Sustainability of a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention

    Open Access•L B Christiansen, Kristine Clausen et al.•SAGE Open•2021

  • Paradoxes of Youth and Sport (S U N Y Series on Sport, Culture, and Social Relations)

    Margaret Gatz, Michael A Messner et al.•Paradoxes of Youth and Sport (S U…•2002

  • Metaphors We Live By

    George Lakoff, Mark Johnson et al.•Metaphors we live by•2003

  • Theoretical approaches to the promotion of physical activity

    Open Access•Abby C King, Daniel Stokols et al.•American Journal of Preventive…•2002

  • Physical Exercise and Psychological Well-Being

    Open Access•Peter Hassmén, Nathalie Koivula et al.•Preventive Medicine•2000

  • Effects of a Classroom-Based Program on Physical Activity and On-Task Behavior

    MATTHEW T MAHAR, SHEILA K MURPHY et al.•Medicine & Science in Sports &…•2006

  • The Built Environment and Obesity

    Mia A Papas, Anthony J Alberg et al.•Epidemiologic Reviews•2007

  • Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity

    Open Access•Adrian E Bauman, Adrian Bauman et al.•American Journal of Preventive…•2002

  • Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (Paac)

    Open Access•J E Donnelly, Jerry L Greene et al.•Preventive Medicine•2009

  • Sedentary Behaviors and Subsequent Health Outcomes in Adults

    Open Access•Alicia A Thorp, Neville Owens et al.•American Journal of Preventive…•2011

  • Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle

    Open Access•Mark S Tremblay, Rachel C Colley et al.•Applied Physiology, Nutrition,…•2010

  • Evaluating the relationship between physical education, sport and social inclusion

    Richard Bailey, Richard Peter Bailey•Educational Review•2005

  • Years of Life Lost Due to Obesity

    Kevin R Fontaine, David T Redden et al.•JAMA•2003

  • The Effects of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness on Children's Achievement and Cognitive Outcomes

    Alicia L Fedewa, Soyeon Ahn•Research Quarterly for Exercise…•2011

  • The pandemic of physical inactivity

    Open Access•Harold W Kohl, Cora Lynn Craig et al.•The Lancet•2012

  • Endocrinology of the Stress Response

    Evangelia Charmandari, Constantine Tsigos et al.•Annual Review of Physiology•2005

  • The Influence of the Family in the Development of Talent in Sport

    Jean Côté•The Sport Psychologist•1999

  • Time use and physical activity

    Open Access•Shu Wen Ng, Barry M Popkin•Obesity Reviews•2012

  • Association of Psychosocial Risk Factors With Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in 11 119 Cases and 13 648 Controls From 52 Countries (The Interheart Study)

    Open Access•Annika Rosengren, Steven Hawken et al.•The Lancet•2004

  • Life skills development through sport

    Daniel Gould, Sarah Carson•International Review of Sport and…•2008

  • Stress

    Susan Folkman•Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine•2013

  • Physical Activity and Mental Health

    Open Access•Scott A Paluska, Thomas L Schwenk•Sports Medicine•2000

  • Fundamental Movement Skills and Habitual Physical Activity in Young Children

    Abigail Fisher, John J Reilly et al.•Medicine & Science in Sports &…•2005

  • Physical Education and Sport in Schools

    Open Access•Richard Bailey, Richard Peter Bailey•Journal of School Health•2006

  • Fundamental Movement Skills in Children and Adolescents

    Open Access•David R Lubans, Philip J Morgan et al.•Sports Medicine•2010

  • Be smart, exercise your heart

    Open Access•Christine H Hillman, Charles H Hillman et al.•Nature Reviews Neuroscience•2008

  • A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents

    James F Sallis, Judith J Prochaska et al.•Medicine & Science in Sports &…•2000

  • Physical Activity in the United States Measured by Accelerometer

    Richard P Troiano, David Berrigan et al.•Medicine & Science in Sports &…•2008

  • Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital

    J S Coleman, J Coleman•Knowledge and social capital•2000

  • Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education

    John G Richardson•Handbook of theory and research…•1986

  • Canadian Social Trends

    Craig Mckie, Keith Thompson•Canadian Social Trends•1994

  • The Dictionary of human geography

    D R Stoddart, David M Smith et al.•The Dictionary of human geography•1986

  • Le capital social

    Pierre Bourdieu•Le capital social•2006

  • Sport in the City

    Chris Gratton, Ian Henry•Sport In The City•2002

  • The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention

    Brandon Welsh, David P Farrington et al.•The Oxford handbook on crime…•2012

  • Exercise and Pharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

    James A Blumenthal, Michael A Babyak et al.•Psychosomatic Medicine•2007

  • Childhood Sporting Activities and Adult Labour-Market Outcomes

    Charlotte Cabane, Cabane Cabane et al.•Annals of Economics and Statistics•2015

  • Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being

    Richard M Ryan, Edward L Deci•American Psychologist•2000

  • The Impact of a Sport-Based Life Skill Program on Adolescent Prosocial Values

    John Brunelle, Steven J Danish et al.•Applied Developmental Science•2007

  • Leisure, Health and Well-Being

    Roger C Mannell•World Leisure & Recreation•2007

  • Creating a Culturally Relevant Curriculum for Disengaged Girls

    Catherine D Ennis•Sport Education and Society•1999

  • The educational benefits claimed for physical education and school sport

    Richard Bailey, Richard Peter Bailey et al.•Research Papers in Education•2008

  • Physical activity at 36 years

    Diana Kuh, D J Kuh et al.•Journal of Epidemiology and…•1992

  • Motor skills, attention and academic achievements. An intervention study in school years 1–3

    Open Access•Ingegerd Ericsson•British Educational Research…•2008

  • Re‐engaging disaffected youth through physical activity programmes

    Open Access•Rachel Sandford, Rachel A Sandford et al.•British Educational Research…•2006

  • Longitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors

    Steven H Kelder, Cheryl L Perry et al.•American Journal of Public Health•1994

  • Physical Education and Academic Achievement in Elementary School

    Susan A Carlson, Janet E Fulton et al.•American Journal of Public Health•2008

  • The Relationship between Life Satisfaction, Social Interest, and Frequency of Extracurricular Activities among Adolescent Students

    Open Access•Rich Gilman•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2001

  • Adolescents' Accounts of Growth Experiences in Youth Activities

    Open Access•J Dworkin, Jodi B Dworkin et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2003

  • Transferring Personal and Social Responsibility of Underserved Youth to the Classroom

    Open Access•Tom Martinek, Tammy Schilling et al.•The Urban Review•2001

  • Extracurricular Activities and Adolescent Development

    Open Access•Jacquelynne S Eccles, Bonnie L Barber et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2003

  • Is extracurricular participation associated with beneficial outcomes? Concurrent and longitudinal relations

    Jennifer A Fredricks, Jacquelynne S Eccles•Developmental Psychology•2006

  • Job Market Signaling

    Michael Spence•The Quarterly Journal of Economics•1973

  • Public Policies that Help Foster Social Inclusion

    Open Access•C K Cheung•Social Indicators Research•2013

Unique citing works67
Citations per year5,58
Citation span2014 - 2026 (13)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 61

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae