Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Polluting Black space.

Bibliographic Data

ID23369972
AuthorsCourtney M Bonam (0000-0002-3698-6460, University of Illinois Chicago), Hilary B Bergsieker (0000-0002-7172-3295, University of Waterloo), Jennifer L Eberhardt (0000-0003-1687-8128, Stanford University)
Year2016
Volume145
Issue11
Pages1561-1582
Publication date2016-11-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Experimental Psychology: General (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0096-3445 • E-ISSN: 1939-2222
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1037/xge0000226
PMID27656758
OpenAlexW2521189867
LanguageEN
Citations received53
References cited71

Social psychologists have long demonstrated that people are stereotyped on the basis of race. Researchers have conducted extensive experimental studies on the negative stereotypes associated with Black Americans in particular. Across 4 studies, we demonstrate that the physical spaces associated with Black Americans are also subject to negative racial stereotypes. Such spaces, for example, are perceived as impoverished, crime-ridden, and dirty (Study 1). Moreover, these space-focused stereotypes can powerfully influence how connected people feel to a space (Studies 2a, 2b, and 3), how they evaluate that space (Studies 2a and 2b), and how they protect that space from harm (Study 3). Indeed, processes related to space-focused stereotypes may contribute to social problems across a range of domains-from racial disparities in wealth to the overexposure of Blacks to environmental pollution. Together, the present studies broaden the scope of traditional stereotyping research and highlight promising new directions. (PsycINFO Database Record

Developmental psychology · Harm · MEDLINE · PsycINFO · Race (biology) · Scope (computer science) · Sociology · Space (punctuation) · Subject (documents) · Gender Studies · Place Attachment and Urban Studies · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology · Urban Green Space and Health

  • Streetscapes at Scale

    Nicholas P Camp, Eunkyung Jo•Social Cognition•2025

  • Race and Social Class as Intersecting Social Categories

    Samantha L Moore-Berg, Andrew Karpinski•Social Psychology•2021

  • Investigating the Health Consequences for White Americans Who Believe White Americans Are Wealthy

    Open Access•Erin Cooley, Jazmin L Brown-Iannuzzi et al.•Social Psychological and…•2020

  • Behave well in someone else's place! Genderization of urban spaces influences environmental behavior in public settings

    Open Access•Giulio Faccenda, Daniela Ruzzante et al.•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2026

  • Constructs, Tape Measures, and Mercury

    Open Access•C Malik Boykin•Perspectives on Psychological…•2023

  • How Do Pandemic Policies and Communication Shape Intergroup Outcomes? Initial Findings From the Covid-19 Pandemic and Open Questions for Research and Policy

    Open Access•Chadly Stern, Benjamin C Ruisch•Perspectives on Psychological…•2024

  • Cultural violence in news coverage of the George Floyd murder

    Open Access•Jada Cheek, Courtney M Bonam et al.•Analyses of Social Issues and…•2025

  • Measuring Gentrification’s Association With Perceived Housing Unaffordability

    J Gibbons•Housing Policy Debate•2021

  • Testing the generalizability of the white leadership standard in the post-Obama era

    Open Access•Adaora Ubaka, Xinxin Lu et al.•The Leadership Quarterly•2023

  • “Unequal cities”

    Open Access•Chiara Sparascio, Daniela Ruzzante et al.•Current Psychology•2026

  • Racialized Perceptions of Anticipated School Belonging

    Open Access•C A Hailey•Educational Policy•2022

  • Impression Formation in Urban Settings

    Open Access•Diego Dametto, Luc Vieira et al.•Social Psychology Quarterly•2026

  • Google is Free

    Open Access•Ariel J Mosley, Larisa Heiphetz Solomon•Personality and Social Psychology…•2025

  • Inconceivable Middle-Class Black Space

    Open Access•Caitlyn Yantis, Courtney M Bonam•Personality and Social Psychology…•2021

  • Do you like the people from Trudekistan? Country names impact perceptions of a country and its citizens

    Yalçın Özgen, Anette Rohmann•The Journal of Social Psychology•2026

  • Ignoring History, Denying Racism

    Open Access•Courtney M Bonam, Vinoadharen Nair Das et al.•Social Psychological and…•2019

  • Toward a Psychological Science of Abolition Democracy

    Open Access•Cynthia J Najdowski, Phillip Atiba Goff•Social Issues and Policy Review•2021

  • Intergroup bias regulation strategies in non-Black Americans

    Open Access•Jennifer F Beatty-Wright, Monika Lohani et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2025

  • Who desires in-group neighbors? Associations of skin tone biases and discrimination with Latinas’ segregation preferences

    Open Access•Ekeoma Uzogara•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2018

  • Social psychological pathways to climate justice

    Open Access•Adam R Pearson, Stella Favaro et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2024

  • Local color

    Open Access•Michael A Sargent, Mara Casey Tieken•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2025

  • Invisible middle-class Black space

    Open Access•Courtney M Bonam, Courtney Bonam et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2018

  • Racial bias in perceptions of disease and policy

    Open Access•Sophie Trawalter, Nana-Bilkisu Habib et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2022

  • Urban crisis as conservative bonding capital

    J Hackworth•City•2019

  • You never feel so Black as when you're contrasted against a White background”

    Open Access•Lateesha Osbourne, Julie Barnett et al.•Journal of Community & Applied…•2021

  • Sites of Sanctuary

    Open Access•Fabienne Doucet, David Kirkland et al.•Journal of Adolescent Research•2021

  • Choosing homes without choosing schools? How urban parents navigate decisions about neighborhoods and school choice

    Maximilian Cuddy, Maria Krysan et al.•Journal of Urban Affairs•2020

  • Blacklighting” the shaping of place

    Matthew Jordan-Miller Kenyatta•Urban Geography•2023

  • The Theory of Racial Socialization in Action for Black Adolescents and Their Families

    Open Access•Mia A Smith-Bynum, Mia Smith Bynum•Diversity and Developmental Science•2023

  • The social stereotypes of wolves and brown bears

    Verónica Sevillano-Triguero, Fernando Talayero et al.•Human Dimensions of Wildlife•2022

  • There Goes the Neighborhood

    Open Access•Richard Moye, Richard Greg Moye et al.•Sociological Inquiry•2023

  • “Collective Forgetting” in the News

    Open Access•Shani Adia Evans•Sociology of Race and Ethnicity•2026

  • A person by place approach to examining prototypes of climate change impacts and their relation to pro‐environmental attitudes and behavioral intentions

    Open Access•Marjorie L Prokosch, Marjorie Prokosch et al.•Political Psychology•2026

  • No quick fix

    Open Access•C A Hailey•Social Science Research•2026

  • “Crime” in Context

    Open Access•Drexler James, Courtney M Bonam et al.•Race and Social Problems•2022

  • Racialized Discourse in Seattle Rental Ad Texts

    Open Access•Ian Kennedy, Chris L He et al.•Social Forces•2021

  • Contextualizing black emerging adults' perceptions of neighborhood quality

    Open Access•Kayla J Fike, Jacqueline S Mattis•American Journal of Community…•2023

  • Interrogating Whiteness in Community Research and Action

    Open Access•Brett Russell Coleman, Charles R Collins et al.•American Journal of Community…•2021

  • The psychology of justice buildings

    Open Access•Andrea M Headley, Kwan-Lamar Blount-Hill et al.•Journal of Criminal Justice•2021

  • Why Black‐Majority Neighbourhoods Are The Epicentre Of Population Shrinkage In The American Rust Belt

    Open Access•J Hackworth•Tijdschrift voor Economische en…•2021

  • What Influences Shooter Bias? The Effects of Suspect Race, Neighborhood, and Clothing on Decisions to Shoot

    Open Access•Kimberly Barsamian Kahn, Paul G Davies•Journal of Social Issues•2017

  • Gendered space

    Open Access•Simona Sacchi, Giulio Faccenda et al.•Acta Psychologica•2025

  • Structuring local environments to avoid racial diversity

    Open Access•Eric M Anicich, Jon M Jachimowicz et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2021

  • Large-scale field experiment shows null effects of team demographic diversity on outsiders' willingness to support the team

    Open Access•Edward H Chang, Erika L Kirgios et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2021

  • On Biologizing Racism

    Raamy Majeed•The British Journal for the…•2024

  • Ethnic Stereotype Content Beyond Intergroup Relations Within Societies

    Open Access•Dmitry Grigoryev•Cross-Cultural Research•2022

  • Fear of the Unknown

    Open Access•Brandon Harris, Dorothy Schmalz et al.•Urban Affairs Review•2021

  • Disentangling the Threat

    Open Access•C A Hailey, Brittany Murray•Socius Sociological Research for…•2025

  • Race and the Production of Extreme Land Abandonment in the American Rust Belt

    Open Access•J Hackworth•International Journal of Urban…•2018

  • The promise of environmental neuroscience

    Open Access•Marc G Berman, Omid Kardan et al.•Nature Human Behaviour•2019

  • A Transdisciplinary Conceptual Framework of Contextualized Resilience for Reducing Adverse Birth Outcomes

    Open Access•Tijen Sumbul, Solaire Spellen et al.•Qualitative Health Research•2020

  • Race, Property, and Erasure in the Rust Belt

    Open Access•C W Herbert, Michael P Brown et al.•Du Bois Review Social Science…•2023

  • Hyper(in)visibility and the Crisis of Missing Black Girls in Monday's Not Coming and When You Look Like Us

    Open Access•Chatterjee, Vern Vincent et al.•Journal of Black Studies•2025

  • American apartheid

    Douglas Massey, Douglas S Massey et al.•American apartheid•1993

  • Confronting Environmental Racism

    Robert D Bullard•Confronting Environmental Racism•1993

  • The Marley Hypothesis

    Open Access•Jessica C Nelson, G Adams et al.•Psychological Science•2013

  • The Environmental “Riskscape” and Social Inequality

    Open Access•Rachel Morello‐frosch, Rachel Morello-Frosch et al.•Environmental Health Perspectives•2006

  • Tests of the Three-Path Mediated Effect

    Open Access•Aaron B Taylor, David P Mackinnon et al.•Organizational Research Methods•2008

  • Predicting residents' pro-environmental behaviors at tourist sites

    Open Access•Yuling Zhang, Honglei Zhang et al.•Journal of Environmental Psychology•2014

  • The residential preferences of blacks and whites

    Reynolds Farley, Elaine Fielding et al.•Housing Policy Debate•1997

  • A Culture of Genius

    Open Access•Mary C Murphy, Carol S Dweck•Personality and Social Psychology…•2010

  • Implicit social cognition

    Anthony G Greenwald, Mahzarin R Banaji•Psychological Review•1995

  • The Space That Race Makes

    David Delaney•The Professional Geographer•2002

  • The Declining Significance of Race

    William Julius Wilson•Inequality Reader•2018

  • The Strange Career of Jim Crow

    C Vann Woodward•The strange career of Jim Crow•2001

  • The measurement of place attachment

    Open Access•Christopher M Raymond, Greg Brown et al.•Journal of Environmental Psychology•2010

  • Black Wealth / White Wealth

    Melvin Oliver, Melvin L Oliver et al.•Black Wealth / White Wealth•2013

  • Place attachment

    Open Access•Maria Lewicka•Journal of Environmental Psychology•2010

  • Required Sample Size to Detect the Mediated Effect

    Open Access•Matthew S Fritz, David P Mackinnon•Psychological Science•2007

  • Are Racial Stereotypes Really Fading? The Princeton Trilogy Revisited

    Open Access•Patricia G Devine, Andrew J Elliot•Personality and Social Psychology…•1995

  • Diversity Science

    Victoria C Plaut•Psychological Inquiry•2010

  • Signaling Threat

    Open Access•Mary C Murphy, Claude M Steele et al.•Psychological Science•2007

  • An Index and Test of Linear Moderated Mediation

    Andrew F Hayes•Multivariate Behavioral Research•2015

  • A Cosmopolitan Way of Life for All

    Open Access•J Scott Carter•Journal of Black Studies•2010

  • The Persistence of Segregation in the 21st Century Metropolis

    Open Access•J R Logan•City and Community•2013

  • Being in the Outgroup Territory Increases Stereotypic Perceptions of Outgroups

    Open Access•Ana Guinote, Susan T Fiske•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2003

  • Place Attachment and Community Attachment

    Carla Koons Trentelman•Society & Natural Resources•2009

  • Commentary

    Open Access•Elizabeth L Sweet, Harley F Etienne•Journal of Planning Education and…•2011

  • A reappraisal of gentrification

    Open Access•Loretta Lees•Progress in Human Geography•2000

  • Seeing Disorder

    Open Access•Robert J Sampson, Stephen W Raudenbush•Social Psychology Quarterly•2004

  • Building Inequality

    Open Access•Ansley T Erickson•Journal of Urban History•2012

  • The Enduring Ghetto

    Open Access•Richard C Wade•Journal of Urban History•1990

  • Housing Tenure and Residential Segregation in Metropolitan America

    Open Access•Samantha Friedman, Hui-Shien Tsao et al.•Demography•2013

  • The Determinants of Neighborhood Satisfaction

    Open Access•Sapna Swaroop, Maria Krysan•Demography•2011

  • Gentrification in Black and White

    Open Access•Edward G Goetz, Edward Goetz•Urban Studies•2011

  • Simple Justice

    Open Access•Charles S Bullock•Political Science Quarterly•1976

  • Foreground and Background

    Open Access•Susan Opotow, Jack Jen Gieseking et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2011

  • Stereotyping by omission

    Hilary B Bergsieker, Lisa M Leslie et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2012

  • Images and affect

    Michele G Alexander, Marilynn B Brewer et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1999

  • Ambient belonging

    Sapna Cheryan, Victoria C Plaut et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2009

  • Community perception

    Daniel Tumminelli O''Brien, D S Wilson•Journal of Personality and Social…•2011

  • Integrating Environmental Justice and the Precautionary Principle in Research and Policy Making

    Open Access•Rachel Morello‐frosch, Rachel Morello-Frosch et al.•The Annals of the American…•2002

  • The Visible Hand

    Open Access•Jennifer L Doleac, Luke C D Stein•The Economic Journal•2013

  • Implicit motivation to control prejudice

    Open Access•Jack Glaser, Eric D Knowles•Journal of Experimental Social…•2007

  • Dangerous enough

    Open Access•Joshua Correll, Bernd Wittenbrink et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2010

  • How ideological migration geographically segregates groups

    Matt Motyl, Ravi Iyer et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2013

  • Rethinking Environmental Racism

    Lucila Pulido, Laura Pulido•Annals of the Association of…•2000

  • Not Getting Their Money’s Worth

    Open Access•Rachael A Woldoff, Seth Ovadia•Urban Affairs Review•2009

  • Out of mind but back in sight

    C Neil Macrae, Galen V Bodenhausen et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1994

  • On the fading of social stereotypes

    Marvin Karlins, Thomas L Coffman et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1969

  • Establishing a causal chain

    J Spencer, Steven J Spencer et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2005

  • Seeing Black

    Jennifer L Eberhardt, Phillip Atiba Goff et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2004

  • A focus theory of normative conduct

    Robert B Cialdini, Raymond R Reno et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1990

  • The silence of the library

    Henk Aarts, Ap Dijksterhui et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2003

  • A model of (often mixed) stereotype content

    Susan T Fiske, Amy J C Cuddy et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2002

  • A room with a cue

    Samuel D Gosling, Sei Jin Ko et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2002

  • Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice

    E Ashby Plant, Patricia G Devine•Journal of Personality and Social…•1998

  • Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors

    Open Access•Elizabeth A Halpenny, Elizabeth Halpenny•Journal of Environmental Psychology•2010

  • The Racialization of Space and the Spatialization of Race

    George Lipsitz•Landscape Journal•2007

  • Stereotypes and prejudice

    Patricia G Devine•Journal of Personality and Social…•1989

  • Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students

    Daniel Katz, K W Braly et al.•Journal of Abnormal & Social…•1933

  • Divergent Pathways of Gentrification

    Open Access•Jackelyn Hwang, Robert J Sampson•American Sociological Review•2014

  • Does Race Matter in Residential Segregation? Exploring the Preferences of White Americans

    M O Emerson, G Yancey et al.•American Sociological Review•2001

  • Gentrification, Segregation, and Discrimination in the American Urban System

    Open Access•Elvin Wyly, Elvin K Wyly et al.•Environment and Planning A…•2004

  • Bringing the Polluters Back In

    Open Access•Don Grant, Mary Nell Trautner et al.•American Sociological Review•2010

  • A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice

    Christian S Crandall, Amy Eshleman•Psychological Bulletin•2003

  • Stereotype Content and Social Distance

    Gregory R Staats•Journal of Homosexuality•1978

  • Community Undesirability in Black and White

    Maria Krysan•Social Problems•2002

  • The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation

    Camille Zubrinsky Charles•Annual Review of Sociology•2003

  • Does Race Matter in Neighborhood Preferences? Results from a Video Experiment

    Maria Krysan, Mick P Couper et al.•American Journal of Sociology•2009

  • A Room with a Viewpoint

    Noah J Goldstein, Robert B Cialdini et al.•Journal of Consumer Research•2008

  • In the Eye of the Beholder

    Open Access•Maria Krysan, Reynolds Farley et al.•Du Bois Review Social Science…•2008

  • The Color Line in American Education

    Open Access•Linda Darling-Hammond•Du Bois Review Social Science…•2004

Unique citing works53
Citations per year5,89
Citation span2017 - 2026 (10)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 53
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae