Made in America

This chapter refers to a free-trade revolution that occurred in the Americas between the 1760s and the 1780s. Territories long held in closed commercial empires were opened up to a greater measure of interimperial and international trade. The chapter mentions the French colonies in the Americas in 1750 that were governed under the terms of the Exclusif, which prohibited trade with competing empires. It cites the navigation laws that regulated Britain's colonies in North America and the Caribbean and channelled commerce through British ports and on British ships. By 1785, a much freer trade characterised commercial relations in the Western Hemisphere as an independent United States welcomed ships from all nations to its harbours.

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