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■ This paper examines the process by which the Peruvian nation-state consolidated control in Chachapoyas, a peripheral section of the national space in the northern sierra. The focus is on a key period of state expansion, circa 1930, when subaltern groups coalesced into a broad political movement that seized power from the local elite. This movement: (1) eliminated racial designations from pubic discourse; (2) subsumed them within a national order of moral classification based on notions of citizenship and nationhood; and (3) embraced the cultural values of modernity and the institutions of the nation-state. Sub altern groups embraced modernity and nationhood as powerful forces of emancipation due to historical peculiarities of post-colonial Peru. Prior to 1930 local elite groups strongly wedded to notions of aristocratic sovereignty and inherent racial difference used the local apparatus of state to reproduce privi lege and inequality. Subaltern groups responded by making common cause among racial groups denigrated within the cultural logic of aristocratic sover eignty, by combining all into a single non-racial category (el pueblo, or 'the people') derived from the rhetoric of popular sovereignty, and by appealing to the central state to establish the strong institutional presence necessary to safe guard the constitutional rights and protections of el pueblo.

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