Gis

History

Bibliographic Data

ID23707265
AuthorsNigel Waters (0000-0001-8812-8671, University of Calgary, corresponding author)
Year2018
Pages1-13
Publication date2018-03-29
Open AccessYes
TypeCHAPTER
VenueInternational Encyclopedia of Geography (SOURCE_BOOK)
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0841.pub2
OpenAlexW4252298021
ISBN9781118786352
LanguageEN
Citations received3
References cited14

Geographic information systems were first formally introduced with the development of the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) in the early 1960s. The CGIS both benefitted from earlier conceptualizations and pioneered new software, hardware, and algorithms for handling spatial data. From the 1970s to the 1990s there was an emphasis on geographic information systems . GIS innovators John Coppock and David Rhind divided this era into: (i) a pioneer period from the late 1950s to the 1970s which emphasized conceptual and software development; (ii) a government‐funded experimental research period from the mid‐1970s to the early 1980s with GIS continuing to be provided on mainframe computers; (iii) a commercial period with increased involvement of both industry and government from the early 1980s to the late 1980s dominated by companies such as Esri and Intergraph; and (iv) the end of the 1980s to the mid‐1990s showing ever‐increasing academic participation together with intense vendor competition that resulted in a reduced number of GIS companies that were now producing GIS with user‐friendly interfaces on desktop computers. Also included in this period is a discussion of the impact of Michael Goodchild's seminal paper on geographic information science . This captured the imagination of the community, and journals, academic teaching, and research have all reflected this change to the present day. Two further periods are added to the Coppock–Rhind schema: (v) an account of the rise of GIScience, the reactions to its dominance, which included the introduction of public‐participation GIS, and the growth of the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. This period covers the mid‐1990s to 2005. And, finally, (vi) the period from mid‐2005 to the present, which covers the worlds of volunteered GIS, web‐based mapping, mobile GIS, cloud computing, and big data. The conclusion provides a discussion of the extent to which GIS has returned to its roots in geography.

Business · Cartography · Dominance (genetics) · Geographic information system · Geography · GIS and public health · GIS Day · Government (linguistics) · Information retrieval · Information system · Library science · Period (music) · Political science · Public participation GIS · Schema (genetic algorithms) · Vendor · World Wide Web · Computer Science · Data Management and Algorithms · Geographic Information Systems Studies · Geological Modeling and Analysis · Marketing

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