Measurement of muscular Christian ideals in sport
Validation of the Contemporary Muscular Christian Instrument
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 2378540 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Andrew R Meyer (0000-0001-6342-1206, corresponding author), Christopher J Wynveen (0000-0002-5217-6505, Baylor University), Nick Watson (York St John University) |
| Year | 2020 |
| Volume | 55 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 169-185 |
| Publication date | 2020-03-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | International Review for the Sociology of Sport (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1012-6902 • E-ISSN: 1461-7218 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1177/1012690218796162 |
| OpenAlex | W2889254529 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 28 |
Muscular Christianity's influential role in establishing Western sport values and ideals during the 19th century has long been acknowledged by sport scholars. Yet these relatively dated sets of physical moral constructs are rarely understood as having lasting relevance, or as forming part of the contemporary attraction to sport, and thus have been missing in critical sociological analyses of sport. While shown to be valid and reliable, initial results from developing the Contemporary Muscular Christian Instrument (CMCI) also suggested that modifications to item wording could enhance readability and capture all six theorized factors of muscular Christianity, supported by literature. The current scale development study is aimed to strengthen the instrument and verify its structural validity and internal consistency among a more diverse sample population: spectators at the 2014 Tour de France. Following data collection and cleaning of data, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and internal consistencies were examined. Results indicate strong support for the structural validity of the revised 20-item, 6-factor CMCI, showing strong factor loadings across all items and acceptable internal consistencies for all six-theorized factors. Findings among this international sample of sport spectators suggest that historic muscular Christian themes used to develop this instrument continue to shape and influence perceptions of what is deemed good, right, and valuable in sport. Our findings point to the importance of understanding these six moral constructs as contemporary discussions on the social value and importance of such activities evolve. The revised CMCI provides sociologists of sport a tool by which to examine theorized muscular Christian constructs, promoting certain values about sport and its social 'good,' and allows for further investigation into sports' social significance, meanings, and values within related topics. This paper details the improvements to the survey instrument, the CFA results, and recommendations for future application and research using the survey instrument
Christianity · Confirmatory factor analysis · Construct validity · Developmental psychology · Psychometrics · Sociology · Structural equation modeling · Doping in Sports · Law · Psychology · Social Psychology · Sport and Mega-Event Impacts · Sports, Gender, and Society
Designing Surveys: A Guide to Decisions and Procedures
Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research
Insufficient discriminant validity
A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
Making sense of Cronbach's alpha
Muscular Christianity and the Western Civilizing Mission
Muscular Christianity
Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research
Introduction
Sport, Physical Education, and Islam
Training “Blue-Blooded” Canadian Boys
Manliness and the Culture of Self-Improvement
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures
Sport as a Celebrative and Worshipful Act
The account taken of statistical power in research published in the British Journal of Psychology
Sport, spirituality and Protestantism
Verification Strategies for Establishing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research
The contemporary muscular Christian instrument
| Citation velocity | historical |
|---|---|
| Highly cited | No |