“Tolerance is Extinction”
Predation and the Schopenhauerian state in X-Men ‘97
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 24032149 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Armando García (0000-0002-5017-6181, University of Iceland, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2026 |
| Pages | 1-21 |
| Publication date | 2026-08-13 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Interventions (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1369-801X • E-ISSN: 1469-929X |
| Publisher | Informa UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/1369801x.2026.2715967 |
| OpenAlex | W7203500644 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 1 |
| References cited | 20 |
This essay employs the animated series X-Men ‘97 (Marvel Studios, 2024) as an aesthetic and theoretical analogue proxy to examine the dialectic of virtue and vice within far-right rhetoric and neoliberal governance. Situating the revival within the franchise’s complex production history, from Lee and Kirby’s 1963 debut through Chris Claremont’s transformation of the mutant metaphor to the series’ current status as Disney-owned intellectual property, the analysis grapples with the paradox of a corporate commodity that interrogates the structures of its own production. The essay’s principal theoretical contribution lies in reading Thorstein Veblen’s critique of predatory culture through Arthur Schopenhauer’s pessimistic critique of liberalism, with Stjepan Meštrović as the mediating figure who insists that Veblen’s sociology is unintelligible without Schopenhauer’s ethics of compassion (Mitleid). This pairing, unexplored in postcolonial scholarship, refuses the separation between political economy and moral philosophy. Through close textual and visual analysis of over fifteen distinct scenes, the study traces the series’ arc from the mob violence of the “Friends of Humanity” and Henry Gyrich’s synoptic branding of hate, through the Schopenhauerian tragedy of Rogue’s untouchable body and the destruction of Genosha as utopia’s terminal undoing, to Bastion’s post-human transvaluation of empathy into contagion. The analysis demonstrates the series’ treatment of the new-right rationale wherein tolerance leads to extinction, security serves as the ritualization of barbarism, and progress appears as the refinement of predation. Engaging critically with scholarship on the mutant metaphor’s conservatizing impulses and the limits of corporate subversion, the essay argues that while X-Men ‘97 cannot escape the constraints of global capitalism, it depicts moments that exceed the commodity form, holding open the wound of modernity’s broken promises and insisting that the capacity to recognize oneself in the suffering of the Other remains the irreducible ground of any emancipatory future.
Compassion · Dialectic · Dilemma · Materialism · Metaphor · Politics · Rhetoric · Scholarship · State (computer science) · Cultural Studies and Postmodernism · Gothic Literature and Media Analysis · Utopian, Dystopian, and Speculative Fiction
| Unique citing works | 1 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 1 |
| Citation span | 2026 - 2026 (1) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |