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BackgroundDrawing on Phillipe Descola's comparative analysis of ontological regimes across cultures, this article identifiesanalogismguiding ethnobiological repertories among two distinctive traditional tropical forest communities in Brazil.MethodsWe carried out participant observation, semi-structured interviews and informal dialog with 48 individuals, amongquilombolasof the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil andribeirinhosof the Amazon.ResultsWe documented 60 traditional practices governed by analogical principles, comprising hunting, ethnomedical practices, food taboos, and other interactions with non-human entities. We also identify and classify the analogical principles reported in the field data. Based on this classification, we address the phenomenological dimension of the ethnobiological repertoires and discuss the epistemological and ontological foundations of this form of reasoning. We also hypothesize on the role of analogism shaping ethnobiological repertories more generally in Brazil.ConclusionThe heuristic model we apply—articulating phenomenology, epistemology and ontology—could prove valuable in ethnobiology and the emerging field of 'anthropology beyond the human.'

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