Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Color Capital, White Debt, and the Paradox of Strong White Racial Identities

Bibliographic Data

ID24315779
AuthorsM W Hughey (0000-0002-6456-5663)
Year2012
Volume9
Issue1
Pages169-200
Publication date2012-01-01
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueDu Bois Review Social Science Research on Race (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1742-058X • E-ISSN: 1742-0598
PublisherCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1017/s1742058x11000506
OpenAlexW2316080977
LanguageEN
Citations received40
References cited132

This article examines how meaning is made of White racial identity by comparing two White racial projects assumed antithetical—White nationalists and White antiracists. While clear differences abound, they make meaning of Whiteness and racial “others” in surprisingly similar ways. Racial identity formation is structured by understandings of Whiteness as dull, empty, lacking, and incomplete (“White debt”) coupled with a search to alleviate those feelings through the appropriation of objects, discourses, and people coded as non-White (“Color capital”). Drawing from in-depth semi-structured interviews, fourteen months of ethnographic observations, and content analysis, this article demonstrates how the prevailing meanings of Whiteness, not their antithetical political projects or material resources, enable racial identity management. By examining seemingly antithetical White formations, the article illuminates not only striking differences but how divergent White actors similarly negotiate the dominant expectations of Whiteness.

racial identity development · racial otherness · white identity · white nationalism · whiteness · Cultural Identity and Representation · Race, History, and American Society · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research

  • “Marking Whiteness” for Cross-Racial Solidarity

    Greta Fowler Snyder•Du Bois Review Social Science…•2015

  • Estranged Pioneers

    Korie Little Edwards, Edwards Edwards et al.•Estranged Pioneers•2024

  • Finding a path to anti-racism

    Open Access•Sarah Ross Bussey•Qualitative Social Work•2021

  • Racial Identity Among Blacks and Whites in the U.S

    Open Access•K Jill Kiecolt, W Carson Byrd et al.•Identities in Action•2021

  • Ficto‐Primitive Capital

    Open Access•Catherine D Tan•British Journal of Sociology•2026

  • Barack Obama, the New Politics of Race, and Classed Constructions of Racial Blackness

    Open Access•Enid Logan•Sociological Quarterly•2014

  • “In My Heart, I Am Cambodian”

    Open Access•Wendy M Laybourn, Sunah M Laybourn et al.•Sociology of Race and Ethnicity•2022

  • Ivory in an ebony tower

    Devon R Goss•Identities•2021

  • Can Republican African Americans Win African American Votes? A Field Experiment

    Open Access•David Niven•Journal of Black Studies•2017

  • Black Guys and White Guise

    Open Access•M W Hughey•Journal of Contemporary Ethnography•2012

  • Staking Territory in the “World White Web”

    Open Access•Heather Hensman Kettrey, Whitney Nicole Laster•Social Currents•2014

  • The heart of whiteness

    Open Access•J Torkelson, D Hartmann•Sociology Compass•2021

  • Genes and race in the era of genetic ancestry testing

    Open Access•Whitney Hunt, David M Merolla•Sociology Compass•2022

  • The sociology of white America

    Open Access•J Torkelson, Jeffrey Dowd et al.•Sociology Compass•2022

  • I’m generally just a White European mutt”

    Angela L Putman, Dani S Kvam•Journal of International and…•2021

  • Navigating white academe during crisis

    Open Access•Tsedale M Melaku, Angie Beeman•Gender Work and Organization•2022

  • Once You See It, You Can’t Unsee It? Racial Justice Activism and Articulations of Whiteness Among White Collegiate Athlete Activists

    Yannick Kluch, Emma Calow et al.•Sociology of Sport Journal•2022

  • I Wanted Diversity, But Not So Much”

    Open Access•Shani Adia Evans•Urban Education•2024

  • Maneuvering Whiteness in France

    J Galonnier•French Politics Culture & Society•2021

  • Development of the Reflexive Antiracism Scale – Indigenous

    Open Access•Yin Paradies, Hayley Franklin et al.•Equal Opportunities International•2013

  • Interrogating the 'White-Leaning' Thesis of White-Asian Multiracials

    Open Access•Kelly H Chong, Miri Song•Social Sciences•2022

  • Color-Blind and Color-Visible Identity Among American Whites

    Open Access•M Mcdermott•American Behavioral Scientist•2015

  • We've Been Framed! A Focus on Identity and Interaction for a Better Vision of Racialized Social Movements

    Open Access•M W Hughey•Sociology of Race and Ethnicity•2015

  • House Negro or Field Negro

    Open Access•O F Okuwobi, D E Eagle et al.•Journal for the Scientific Study…•2025

  • They Want the Spanish but They Don't Want the Mexicans

    Open Access•Ashley Woody•Sociology of Race and Ethnicity•2020

  • Diversity Is Important to Me

    Open Access•Megan R Underhill•Sociology of Race and Ethnicity•2019

  • Critical Race Theory, Afro-Pessimism, and Racial Progress Narratives

    Open Access•Victor Erik Ray, Victor Ray et al.•Sociology of Race and Ethnicity•2017

  • Sociology of Whiteness

    Monica Mcdermott, A Ferguson•Annual Review of Sociology•2022

  • Making Everyday Microaggressions

    Open Access•M W Hughey, Jordan Rees et al.•Sociological Inquiry•2017

  • Diversity as Philanthropy

    Open Access•O F Okuwobi•Social Problems•2025

  • I Know Why the White Lady Cries

    Open Access•Amanda C Ball•Social Problems•2023

  • Genetic Options

    W D Roth, Biörn Ivemark•American Journal of Sociology•2018

  • Women (Re)making whiteness

    String, Sabrina String et al.•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2020

  • To be or not to be Indigenous? Understanding the rise of Australia's Indigenous population since 1971

    Open Access•Elizabeth Watts, Elizabeth Watt et al.•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2019

  • Four thoughts on Charles Mills -Black rights/white wrongs

    M W Hughey•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2018

  • The souls of white folk beyond formation and structure

    M W Hughey, W Carson Byrd•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2013

  • Racial identity and the quality of life among blacks and whites in the U.S

    Open Access•K Jill Kiecolt, Michael Hughes et al.•Social Science Research•2017

  • How Blackness Matters in White Lives

    Open Access•M W Hughey•Symbolic Interaction•2021

  • We're the Show at the Circus

    Open Access•Celeste Vaughan Curington•Symbolic Interaction•2021

  • Racial Authenticity and Familial Acceptance Among Transracial Adoptees

    Open Access•Devon R Go, Devon R Goss et al.•Symbolic Interaction•2017

  • Recent Immigration and Race

    Milton Vickerman•Du Bois Review Social Science…•2007

  • Turning back

    Stephen Steinberg•Turning back•1995

  • White Racial and Ethnic Identity in the United States

    Monica Mcdermott, Frank Samson•Annual Review of Sociology•2005

  • Exposing prejudice

    Bonnie Urciuoli•Exposing prejudice•1996

  • White by Law

    Ian Haney López•White by Law•1996

  • The declining significance of race

    William J Wilson•The declining significance of race•1980

  • Off white

    Michelle Fine•Off white•2004

  • Before the shooting begins

    James Davidson Hunter•Before the shooting begins•2014

  • The dynamics of ethnic competition and conflict.

    Susan Olzak•The dynamics of ethnic…•1994

  • White Reign

    Joe L Kincheloe, Shirley R Steinberg et al.•White Reign•2000

  • Racing research, researching race

    France Winddance Twine, Jonathan W Warren•Racing research, researching race•2000

  • The invention of the white race

    Theodore Allen•The invention of the white race•1994

  • Competitive ethnic relations

    Joane Nagel, Susan Olzak•Competitive ethnic relations•1986

  • White lies

    Jessie Daniels•White lies•1997

  • White man falling

    Abby L Ferber•White man falling•1998

  • The black Atlantic

    Paul Gilroy•The black Atlantic•1993

  • On the Social Construction of Whiteness within Selected Chicana/o Discourses

    Open Access•Angie Chabram-Dernersesian•Displacing Whiteness•1997

  • Cybertypes

    Lisa Nakamura•Cybertypes•2002

  • Fire in the HeartHow White Activists Embrace Racial Justice

    Mark R Warren•Fire in the Heart Oxford Studies…•2010

  • How Gay Stays White and What Kind of White It Stays

    Open Access•Allan Berube•Making and Unmaking of Whiteness•2001

  • Whiteness as Property

    Cheryl I Harris•Harvard Law Review•1993

  • How Jews became white folks and what that says about race in America

    Karen Brodkin•How Jews became white folks and…•1998

  • Assimilation in American life

    Milton M Gordon•Assimilation in American life•1964

  • The disuniting of America

    Jr Arthur M Schlesinger•The disuniting of America•1991

  • Encounters

    Erving Goffman•Encounters•1961

  • The Theory Of Social And Economic Organization

    Max Weber•The Theory Of Social And Economic…•1997

  • The Invention of White Race

    Theodore W Allen•Racism•2001

  • Off White

    M Fine, Lois Weis et al.•Off White•2012

  • The Invention of the White Race. Volume 2

    Thomas D Morris, Theodore W Allen•The American Historical Review•1998

  • Politics of Collective Violence

    Charles Tilly•Politics of Collective Violence•2014

  • Americanizing the American Indians

    Francis Paul Prucha•Americanizing the American Indians•2014

  • What Is Wrong with Social Theory

    Herbert Blumer•Sociological Methods•2017

  • White On Arrival

    Thomas A Guglielmo•White on arrival•2003

  • Colored WhiteTranscending the Racial Past

    David R Roediger, David Roediger•Colored White•2002

  • The Philadelphia Negro

    W E B Du Bois, Elijah Anderson et al.•Philadelphia Negro•1996

  • Racist America

    Joe R Feagin•Racist America•2010

  • The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness

    Open Access•Bérubé Allan, Conley Dalton et al.•Making and Unmaking of Whiteness•2001

  • Shades of White

    Open Access•Pamela Perry•Shades of White•2002

  • Handbooks of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations

    Open Access•Hernán Vera, Hernan Vera et al.•Handbook of the Sociology of…•2007

  • White Men Aren’t

    Thomas Dipiero•White Men Aren't•2002

  • Colored White

    David R Roediger, David Roediger•Colored White•2019

  • White Man Falling

    Abby L Ferber•White Man Falling•1999

  • Practical Reason

    Pierre Bourdieu, Pierre Bourdieu Hulya Ugur Tanriover Bahadir Vural Savas Cekic•Practical reason•1998

  • Durable Inequality

    Charles Tilly•Durable Inequality•2019

  • Systemic Racism

    Joe R Feagin•Systemic Racism•2006

  • The Racial Contract

    C W Mills•The Racial Contract•2019

  • Black Reconstruction in America

    W E B Du Bois•Black Reconstruction in America•2017

  • A Piece of the Pie

    Stanley Lieberson•Piece of the Pie•1980

  • The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology

    Peter Bearman, Peter Hedström•The Oxford handbook of analytical…•2011

  • Love and Theft

    Eric Lott•Love and Theft•1995

  • White Women, Race Matters

    Ruth Frankenburg, Ruth Frankenberg•White Women, Race Matters•1993

  • Song and Dance

    Open Access•Sarita Srivastava•Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue…•1996

  • Intimacy, Desire, and the Construction of Self in Relationships between Asian American Women and White American Men

    Kumiko Nemoto•Journal of Asian American Studies•2006

  • Racism with Antiracists

    Open Access•M W Hughey•Social Thought and Research•2007

  • Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research

    Open Access•Nahid Golafshani•Qualitative Report•2015

  • Whites Confront Racism

    Jeffrey C Dixon, Eileen M O’brien et al.•Contemporary Sociology A Journal…•2002

  • Worked to the Bone

    Jennifer L Green, Pem Davidson Buck•Contemporary Sociology A Journal…•2003

  • Nation and Race

    Kenneth J Neubeck, Jon Kaplan et al.•Contemporary Sociology A Journal…•1999

  • Button-Down Terror”

    Barbara Perry•Sociological Focus•2000

  • The Unsteady March

    Open Access•Charles Hirschman•Political Science Quarterly•2000

  • Antiracist Education in Theory and Practice

    Open Access•Jack Niemonen•The American Sociologist•2007

  • White space, white privilege

    Ronald L Jackson•Quarterly Journal of Speech•1999

  • Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position

    Herbert Blumer•The Pacific Sociological Review•1958

  • The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias

    Open Access•Jennifer A Richeson, Richard J Nussbaum•Journal of Experimental Social…•2003

  • Are we supposed to be colorblind or not? Competing frames used by whites against racism

    Open Access•Eileen M O’brien, Eileen O’brien•Race and Society•2000

  • From Antiracism to Antiracisms

    Open Access•Eileen M O’brien•Sociology Compass•2009

  • Retroduction as mixed-methods triangulation in economic research

    Paul Downward, Andrew Mearman•Cambridge Journal of Economics•2006

  • How the Irish Became White

    Noel Ignatiev•How the Irish Became White•2012

  • Racial Economic Subordination and White Gain in the U.S. South

    D Tomaskovic-Devey, J Roscigno et al.•American Sociological Review•1996

  • Multiculturalism

    Charles Taylor, K Anthony Appiah et al.•Multiculturalism•1994

  • Displacing Whiteness

    Open Access•Rebecca Aanerud, T Muraleedharan et al.•Displacing Whiteness•1997

  • White Men Challenging Racism

    Emmett Robert Schaefer, James W Loewen et al.•White Men Challenging Racism•2003

  • Qualitative Data Analysis

    Open Access•Matthew B Miles, A Michael Huberman•Journal of Environmental Psychology•1994

  • Advanced Capitalism and Black/White Race Relations in the United States

    Edna Bonacich•American Sociological Review•1976

  • What is Wrong with Social Theory

    Herbert Blumer•American Sociological Review•1954

  • Assimilation in American Life

    Albert I Gordon, Milton M Gordon•Review of Religious Research•1965

  • Researching White Racial Identity

    Open Access•Kellie Stoddart•American Behavioral Scientist•2002

  • Diversity in Everyday Discourse

    Open Access•Joyce M Bell, D Hartmann•American Sociological Review•2007

  • The Theory of Cultural Logic

    Open Access•N J Enfield•Cultural Dynamics•2000

  • White Boys to Terrorist Men

    Open Access•Randy Blazak•American Behavioral Scientist•2001

  • Modeling Determinants of White Racial Identity

    P R Croll, Peter Croll•Social Forces•2007

  • The things we do with words

    Open Access•Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo•Language in Society•1982

  • From pluralism to multiculturalism

    Open Access•Lewis S Feuer•Society•1991

  • Rhetoric of Motives

    Kenneth Burke•Rhetoric of Motives•1969

  • Whiteness of a Different Color

    Matthew Frye Jacobson•Whiteness of a Different Color•1999

  • Roots Too

    Matthew Frye Jacobson•Roots Too•2006

  • Racial Situations

    Kathryn Harker, J Hartigan et al.•Social Forces•2000

  • Generic Processes in the Reproduction of Inequality

    Michael Schwalbe, Sandra Godwin et al.•Social Forces•2000

  • Are Some Emotions Marked 'Whites Only'? Racialized Feeling Rules in Professional Workplaces

    A H Wingfield•Social Problems•2010

  • An Empirical Assessment of Whiteness Theory

    D Hartmann, Joseph Gerteis et al.•Social Problems•2009

  • Half the Battle

    Mitch Berbrier•Social Problems•1998

  • White Universal Identity as a 'Sense of Group Position

    Open Access•Pamela Perry•Symbolic Interaction•2007

  • Exposing Prejudice

    Open Access•Jacqueline Urla•American Anthropologist•1997

  • Tears, Fears and Careers

    Open Access•Sarita Srivastava•The Canadian Journal of Sociology•2006

  • Towards a Peopled Ethnography

    Open Access•Gary Alan Fine•Ethnography•2003

  • Racial Warriors and Weekend Warriors

    Open Access•Abby L Ferber•Men and Masculinities•2000

  • Ethnographies of the Far Right

    Open Access•Kathleen M Blee, Kathleen Blee•Journal of Contemporary Ethnography•2007

  • Color-Blind Ideology and the Cultural Appropriation of Hip-Hop

    Open Access•Jason Rodriquez•Journal of Contemporary Ethnography•2006

  • White Means Never Having to Say You're Ethnic

    Open Access•Pamela Perry•Journal of Contemporary Ethnography•2001

  • Social Psychology of Identities

    Judith A Howard•Annual Review of Sociology•2000

Citations per year2.86
Citation span2012 - 2026 (15)
Highly citedNo
Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae