Effort and Reward

The Assumption That College Grades are Affected by Quantity of Study

Bibliographic Data

ID2555434
AuthorsHoward Schuman (University of Michigan, corresponding author), Edward J Walsh (0000-0002-6846-2872, Pennsylvania State University), Edward Walsh, Camille Olson, Barbara Etheridge (Adaptive Design Association)
Year1985
Volume63
Issue4
Pages945
Publication date1985-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueSocial Forces (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0037-7732 • E-ISSN: 1534-7605
PublisherOxford University Press (OUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.2307/2578600
OpenAlexW4250953181
LanguageEN
Citations received8

The relation between college grades and self-reported amount of effort was examined in four major and several minor investigations of undergraduates in a large state university. Grades were operationalized mainly by using grade point average (GPA), though in one investigation grades in a particular course were the focus. Effort was measured in several different ways, ranging from student estimates of typical study over the term to reports of study on specific days. Despite evidence that these self-reports provide meaningful estimates of actual studying, there is at best only a very small relation between amount of studying and grades, as compared to the considerably stronger and more monotonic relations between grades and both aptitude measures and self-reported class attendance. The plausible assumption that college grades reflect student effort to an important extent does not receive much support from these investigations. This raises a larger question about the extent to which rewards are linked to effort in other areas of life—a connection often assumed but seldom investigated

Aptitude · Attendance · Developmental psychology · Economics · Mathematics education · Minor (academic) · Operationalization · Higher Education Research Studies · Innovations in Educational Methods · Psychology · School Choice and Performance · Social Psychology