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Resumo

This article examines the complex interplay between changing relations of production and rural underdevelopment. Focusing on the penetration of capitalist relations into pre-capitalist societies, the author argues that underdevelopment is not a static condition but a dynamic process shaped by the specific ways in which capitalist and pre-capitalist modes of production articulate. The analysis challenges conventional modernization theories that view underdevelopment as a stage in a linear progression towards development. Instead, it emphasizes the exploitative nature of capitalist expansion and its role in perpetuating underdevelopment in rural areas. The article explores how the introduction of capitalist agriculture, wage labor, and market mechanisms transforms existing social structures, economic relations, and resource allocation patterns. It highlights the uneven development that results from this process, with some segments of the rural population benefiting while others are marginalized and impoverished. Using case studies and empirical evidence, the author demonstrates how the articulation of different modes of production can lead to the intensification of existing inequalities and the creation of new forms of exploitation. The article concludes by suggesting that understanding the specific historical and social context in which capitalist relations of production penetrate pre-capitalist societies is crucial for developing effective strategies to address rural underdevelopment.

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