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This chapter argues against the notion that animals possess culture in the same way humans do. Premack and Hauser differentiate between cultural transmission in animals, which they acknowledge exists, and human culture, which they argue is unique due to its reliance on teaching and shared intentionality. They examine various animal behaviors often cited as evidence for culture, such as tool use and vocalizations, and demonstrate that these behaviors can be explained by individual learning or social learning mechanisms that fall short of human cultural transmission. The authors conclude that while animals exhibit complex social learning, they lack the cognitive capacity for cumulative cultural evolution that characterizes human societies.

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