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Resumo

The Y chromosome provides valuable insights into the demographic history of paternal lineages, crucial for understanding the evolution of wild animals and the breeding history of domesticates. In horses, limited but informative Y chromosome diversity highlights the growing influence of Oriental lineages in breeding over the past 1500 years. This study expands the primary horse Y-phylogeny, currently based on modern breeds of economic interest, by incorporating haplotypes from remote horse populations worldwide. Researchers analyzed target enriched sequencing data of 5 Mb of the Y chromosome from 76 domestic males, combined with existing data from 89 whole genome sequenced domestic males and five Przewalski’s horses. The resulting phylogeny, comprising 153 haplotypes defined by 2966 variants, offers unprecedented resolution into the history of horse paternal lineages, revealing numerous previously unknown haplogroups in Mongolian horses and insular populations. Phylogenetic placement of haplotypes from 163 archaeological specimens suggests that most current Y-chromosomal variation evolved after horse domestication began around 4200 years ago in the Western Eurasian steppes. This comprehensive phylogeny reduces ascertainment bias and provides a robust framework for analyzing horse population dynamics and diversity.

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