The Anti-Imperialist Career of Alejandro Alvarado Quirós

FOREIGN intervention has been a constant that the Latin American nations have had to confront from the independence period well into the twentieth century. Indeed, during most of the nineteenth century, the general vulnerability of the Latin American states allowed the Great Powers to intervene almost at will in their economic and political affairs. With the rise of the United States to imperial status in the 1890s, Theodore Roosevelt's taking of the Panama Canal Zone in 1903 and the subsequent imposition of pax americana in the Caribbean region, however, the attention of the Latin American nations shifted from the apparently diminishing danger of European imperialism to the more direct threat posed by the United States. Frustrated by Latin America's military weakness in the face of North American intervention and angered by the refusal of the United States government to deal with this important issue within the formal structures of the Pan American system, the generation of Latin American nationalists which came to maturity during the 1890s and early 1900s proceeded to mount a vigorous campaign against what they perceived to be the evils of American imperialism.' This generation of Latin American antiimperialists included, among others, Manuel Ugarte of Argentina, Eduardo Prado of Brazil, Jose Maria Vargas Vila of Colombia, Isidro Fabela and Carlos Pereyra of Mexico, Ruben Dario of Nicaragua, Francisco Garcia Calderon and Victor Raul Haya de la Torre of Peru, Jose Enrique Rod6 of Uruguay, and Rufino Blanco-Fombona of Venezuela, all of whom were philosophically united in their opposition to

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