The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas

David Eltis achieves a masterful synthesis of both primary and secondary sources to shed enormous light on the development of the slave trade in the Atlantic World in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Indeed, The Rise of African Slavery is an important work that is in many ways a model for conducting Atlantic history, maneuvering fluidly among Africa, Europe, and the Americas while demonstrating key connections and disparities among the continents.At the heart of the book lie the following questions: why did Europe revive the ailing institution of slavery shortly after the New World voyages of “discovery”? What factors accounted for the development of transatlantic slavery exclusively amongst non-Europeans, particularly Africans? What explains the paradoxical discourse developed by Europeans surrounding the issue of freedom? How could they be committed to the principles of human liberty, yet at the same time maintain the practice of slaveholding?Eltis answers these questions by using a methodology grounded both in cultural analysis and traditional social science techniques. This is one of the text’s great strengths. As with some of the more recent scholarship on abolition, The Rise of African Slavery reduces the emphasis of economic paradigms on explaining the ascent of New World slavery. Instead, Eltis stresses that economic factors operated within a broader cultural milieu. Ultimately, the notion of who could or could not be enslaved was a function of deeply rooted attitudes that differed amongst Africans and Europeans. Europeans possessed a wider conception of ethnicity, which translated into an encompassing, subcontinental view of shared community (chapter 3). Consequently, Europeans defined themselves, regardless of nationality, as a single cultural group (Eltis uses the term “insiders”) free from being enslaved by one another. By contrast, Africans held a much narrower view of ethnicity, making them more susceptible to being enslaved upon establishing contact with Europeans. Quite simply, without a deep sense of transnational bonding, Africans were more culturally predisposed towards selling one another as slaves.According to Eltis, the character of the slave trade was also influenced by cultural parameters. In a striking examination of gender and slavery (chapter 4), Eltis notes that European traders and plantation owners expressed a preference for acquiring higher ratios of male slaves. Part of their rationale stemmed not from concerns over maximizing profits or plantation efficiency, but from chauvinism and stereotyped European understandings of gender roles. However, when confronted with the realities of the African labor scene, where women were accustomed to being involved in a greater variety of occupational activities, European traders were forced to adjust to “accepting a wider economic role for women—as long as they were of African extraction” (p. 102). Ironically, the greater economic freedom enjoyed by women in Africa also translated into a greater willingness on the part of African traders to sell females into slavery. On the other hand, the more circumscribed role of women in Europe translated into relatively fewer female migrants entering the Americas. Hence, African female migration under slave conditions significantly outpaced European female migration under the cultural confines of freedom.Chapter 5 marks a turning point in the tenor of the text, as the cultural explanations outlined in the previous chapters become analyzed with more empirical evidence. Specifically, Eltis delves into the nature of the British slave trade, exploring the reasons for its dominance in terms of productivity after 1660. In a sweeping analysis, Eltis touches upon the significance of transportation costs, ship size, technology, African wars and price structures. The following two chapters provide added depth to the discussion by looking closely at additional African factors. Eltis builds upon the argument posed by others, such as John Thornton, that the Atlantic slave trade was a result of African strength, not weakness. Europeans demonstrated little capacity to control large tracts of land in Africa that could be used for establishing plantations or mining operations. On account of this, Europeans settled for the next best option, which was deeper exploitation of their New World holdings.Eltis argues that many more slaves could have crossed the Atlantic. Yet, African resistance, both on the African coastline and on-board slave ships, elevated the price of transport, thereby reducing the number of imported slaves. Eltis also does a nice job of outlining the regional supply of slaves in Africa, demonstrating that there were remarkably few ports sending slaves. Eltis’s concluding chapters contemplate the effects of the plantation system on the New World. By focusing on the British Caribbean, we are able to trace the profit stream of the sugar industry in comparative terms, with special attention given to Barbados and Jamaica. Eltis even examines the potential for slaves in the New World to form a common, race-based identity that transcended the narrower view of their countrymen in Africa. However, he argues that in the eighteenth century, through greater familiarity with the slave trade, Africans both in the New World and at home began expanding their notion of identity and ethnicity. Lastly, Eltis returns to examining the impact of the plantation economy on Europe. Using the case of Britain, he shows how in the larger view, the production, value, linkages, and profits generated by the industry was not of pivotal importance to the economy of the metropolis. Hence, Eltis argues for a careful reexamination of classic texts, such as those of Eric Williams and Immanuel Wallerstein that detect positive, causal relationships between the New World institution of slavery and the development of industrial capitalism in Europe.The Rise of African Slavery is densely packed with insights of immense value to historians interested in the development of the New World economy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is a book that must be read by all those interested in Atlantic history, slavery, and the black presence in the Americas. But essentially, for Latin Americanists, the book’s main value lies in its ability to open new avenues for historical inquiry based on comparative threads of analysis. Eltis’s discussion of the rise of the plantation economy in Barbados and Jamaica necessitate a response from scholars examining the sugar economy of Brazil. Similarly, Eltis’s reflections on Europe’s difficulty in attempting to settle Africa offer Latin Americanists a new way of thinking about the motives behind early settlement in the New World. Brazil’s exploration and development, for instance, may become more tightly linked to occurrences in Africa than ever before

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