Liberalism Divided

Nv AAT ION AL-LEVEL Mexican history by itself reveals very little of the basic struggles during the Restored Republic. It is frequently necessary to reconstruct conflict at the provincial and local levels to understand the real political culture of Mexicans in this period. Although the importance of the national level and the federal government's nation-building enterprise should not be underplayed, most Mexicans dwelt in the rural and local environment: their mental vision of national events and issues derived from daily experiences. As the principal instrument of change during the broader period from 1833 to 1876, the Liberal Party (as the disparate movement described itself) sought to transform Mexico from a Hispanic Catholic bastion into a constitutional and secular republic. This process fell into three distinct phases: the preliminary developments in 1833-34 and 1846-53, the struggles of the Reform era and the French intervention between 1855 and 1867, and the period of attempted consolidation during the Restored Republic, from 1867 to 1876. The process was never easy and ultimately remained incomplete. Liberal ideas and politicians were vigorously contested throughout the period from 1833 to 1876.1

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