Ontological Beliefs and Hunter-Gatherer Ritual Landscapes

Native Californian Examples

Bibliographic Data

ID3549162
AuthorsD S Whitley (0000-0002-1647-1427, University of the Witwatersrand, corresponding author)
Year2024
Volume15
Issue1
Pages123
Publication date2024-01-17
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueReligions (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2077-1444 • E-ISSN: 2077-1444
PublisherMDPI AG (PUBLISHER • IT)
DOI10.3390/rel15010123
OpenAlexW4390943740
LanguageEN
Citations received8
References cited43

Landscapes are socially produced and reproduced spaces. This is easily recognizable for large-scale urban groups with built environments that dominate living places. But it also pertains to all types of societies and cultures, even small-scale hunter-gatherers, once the ontological beliefs structuring landscape perception and use are acknowledged. The foragers of south-central and southern California and the Great Basin illustrate this fact. They maintained a widely shared ontological perspective supported by a fundamental cognitive postulate. This is that supernatural power, the principle causative agent in the universe, was differentially distributed among individuals and places. The distribution of power, revealed by certain geomorphological features and natural events, structured their perceptions of landscape. These perceptions were expressed in ritual and symbolism, including petroglyphs and pictographs as durable manifestations of ceremonies on the landscape. The ontological relationship between power and landscape explains a longstanding question in hunter-gatherer archaeology: Why were rock writing sites created at specific locations? It also explains another equally significant but rarely considered and related problem: Why do some localities have massive quantities of rock writings that dwarf most other sites? The landscape symbolism of and the placement of sites by Native Californian and Great Basin tribes is explained by reference to their shared ontological beliefs, illustrating how they structured their ritual practices and archaeological record

Aesthetics · Archaeology · Art · Biology · Cartography · Environmental resource management · Epistemology · Geography · Hunter-gatherer · Landscape archaeology · Landscape design · Perception · Structural basin · Structuring · Visual arts · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies · Archaeology and Natural History · Archaeology and Rock Art Studies · History · Philosophy · Ecology · Geology · Paleontology

Tools

Open DOIOpen Access