Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Wanna trade

Cisheteronormative homosocial masculinity and the normalization of abuse in youth digital sexual image exchange

Bibliographic Data

ID3646975
AuthorsJessica Ringrose (0000-0002-5647-290X, UCL Institute of Education, Department of Education, Practice and Society, London, UK, corresponding author), Kaitlyn Regehr (0000-0003-2285-5256, University of Kent), Katilyn Regehr (University of Kent), Sophie Whitehead (0000-0002-9106-5488, Digital Humanities, Kings College, London, UK)
Year2022
Volume31
Issue2
Pages243-261
Publication date2022-02-17
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Gender Studies (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0958-9236 • E-ISSN: 1465-3869
PublisherInforma UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1080/09589236.2021.1947206
OpenAlexW3188341412
LanguageEN
Citations received51
References cited33

This paper draws upon a qualitative study with 144 young people in seven different research schools in England, exploring how cis-heteronormative homosocial masculinity practices shape digital sexual image exchange. We examine three types of practices: 1) boys asking girls for nudes (pressurized sexting, which we position as online sexual harassment); 2) transactional nude solicitation (boys sending dick pics and asking girls for nudes, which we position as image based sexual harassment and cyberflashing); 3) non-consensual sharing of girls and boys nude images (which we position as image based sexual abuse, showing the differential impacts with lasting sexual stigma worse for girls). Our findings confirm earlier research that demonstrated homosocial masculinity currency is gained via the non-consensual sharing of images of girls’ bodies. We also investigate the more recent rise of male nudes (dick pics) and how a homosocial culture of humour and lad banter tends to lessen the sexual stigmatization of leaked dick pics. We argue providing boys with time and space to reflect on homosocial masculinity performances is crucial for disrupting these practices and our conclusions outline new UK school guidance for tackling online sexual harassment, cyberflashing and image-based sexual abuse

Harassment · Masculinity · Poison control · Sexual abuse · Sociology · Suicide prevention · Gender Studies · Gender, Feminism, and Media · Media, Gender, and Advertising · Medicine · Psychology · Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology · Social Psychology

  • Men in the Making

    Open Access•Selina Tokatligil•Vienna Journal of East Asian…•2025

  • Reclaiming Digital Intimacy for Youth

    Open Access•Debbie Ging, Jessica Ringrose et al.•AoIR Selected Papers of Internet…•2023

  • Identity manipulation in online grooming

    Open Access•Jorge Santos‐hermoso, Virginia Soldino•Computers in Human Behavior•2026

  • It's like you're almost being exposed to a flasher’ – Young people's experiences with gendered vulnerability and digital sexual harassment in Denmark

    Open Access•Katrine Bindesbøl Holm Johansen, Tine Tjørnhøj‐thomsen et al.•Women s Studies International Forum•2024

  • ‘The girl was so ashamed she didn’t come back to school for the rest of term’

    Open Access•Claire Meehan•Sex Education•2026

  • Negative Online Experiences, Worry, and Risk Perception Among Adolescents

    Open Access•Alexander Trinidad, Verónica Marcos et al.•Cyberpsychology Behavior and…•2025

  • Sun, sea, and sexism on Love Island

    Open Access•Craig Haslop, Fiona O’rourke•Feminist Media Studies•2026

  • Conocimiento y naturalización de los estereotipos de género en estudiantes de secundaria y su relación con la aceptación en el grupo de iguales

    Open Access•Alicia Bernardos, Irene Solbes Canales et al.•Revista Complutense de Educación•2023

  • The reciprocal relationship between consensual sexting and peer support among adolescents

    Open Access•Michaela Lebedíková, Rubén Araujo et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2024

  • Putting the Y in cyberflashing

    Open Access•Vasileia Karasavva, Lauren Brunet et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2023

  • Risk profiles for the perpetration of non-consensual sharing of sexual content among Spanish adolescents

    Open Access•E Guerrero, Virginia Sánchez-Jiménez et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2026

  • ‘I Don't Know if There's a Culture of Understanding Those Words Yet’

    Open Access•Jodie McGoldrick, Matthew Round•European Journal of Education•2026

  • Adolescent experiences of sexting

    Open Access•Jessica Dully, Kevin Walsh et al.•Journal of Adolescence•2023

  • Young Love “Locked Down”

    Open Access•Emily Setty, Emma Dobson•Archives of Sexual Behavior•2024

  • Intersectionality and Processes of Belonging

    Open Access•Natalie Calleja•Journal of Applied Youth Studies•2022

  • Technology facilitated re-victimization

    Open Access•Kaitlyn Regehr, Arija Birze et al.•Crime Media Culture An…•2021

  • The turn to trust

    Open Access•Rikke Amundsen•Feminist Media Studies•2023

  • Technology-facilitated sexual violence perpetration as a tool for gender policing in secondary schools

    Open Access•Salsabel Almanssori, Laxana Paskaran et al.•Journal of Youth Studies•2025

  • MeToo in British schools

    Open Access•Tanya Horeck, Jessica Ringrose et al.•European Journal of Cultural…•2023

  • Contrasting Experiences

    Open Access•Kristina Hunehäll Berndtsson•Young•2023

  • In This Situation, I Would do the Same”

    Open Access•Elisa Berlin, Chiara Rollero•Violence Against Women•2025

  • Being Under Pressure to Sext

    Open Access•Carolina Lunde, Malin Joleby•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2022

  • ‘We’re respectful boys … we’re not misogynistic!’

    Open Access•Fiona O’rourke, Craig Haslop•Journal of Gender Studies•2024

  • From ‘harmful sexual behaviour’ to ‘harmful sexual culture’

    Open Access•Emily Setty, Jessica Ringrose et al.•Gender and Education•2024

  • Teen Girls’ Experiences Negotiating the Ubiquitous Dick Pic

    Open Access•Jessica Ringrose, Kaitlyn Regehr et al.•Sex Roles•2021

  • Young people's experiences of image-based sexual harassment and abuse in England and Canada

    Open Access•Jessica Ringrose, Betsy Milne et al.•Women s Studies International Forum•2022

  • Teachers vs. Chat GPT

    Open Access•Michal Dolev-Cohen, Nicola Henry•Information Communication & Society•2025

  • Individual factors of expected and unexpected sexting and the subsequent feelings

    Open Access•Michaela Lebedíková, Rubén Araujo et al.•New Media & Society•2025

  • Misogynistic and Homophobic 'Banter' in UK Digitised 'Lad Cultures

    Open Access•Craig Haslop, Fiona O’rourke•Men and Masculinities•2025

  • Design and Validation of the Cyber Sexual Harassment Scale-Professor Student

    Open Access•Claudia Pineda‐marín, Pablo Vallejo-Medina et al.•Violence Against Women•2025

  • Experiences of Online Sexual Violence

    Open Access•Frida Carlberg Rindestig, Katja Gillander Gådin et al.•Violence Against Women•2023

  • The subterranean masculinities of elite private boys’ schools

    George Variyan, Lucinda Mcknight et al.•Journal of Educational…•2025

  • Exploring Online Sexual Harassment in Adolescent Populations

    Open Access•Rachael Thompson, Kirstie Turner et al.•Sexuality Research and Social…•2026

  • Sexting Among Adolescents in Germany

    Open Access•Katharina Brand, Sascha Hein et al.•International Journal of Sexual…•2026

  • Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration

    Open Access•Nicola Henry, Gemma Beard•Trauma Violence & Abuse•2024

  • The Mental Health and Social Implications of Nonconsensual Sharing of Intimate Images on Youth

    Open Access•Felipa Schmidt, Filippo Varese et al.•Trauma Violence & Abuse•2024

  • Bystander Intervention in Image-Based Sexual Abuse

    Open Access•Sofie Boye Kromann, Asher Flynn•Trauma Violence & Abuse•2025

  • ‘It depends entirely on the person’

    Alicia Bernardos, Ingrid M Martins et al.•Sex Education•2022

  • Online Sexual Harassment in Adolescence

    Open Access•Angela Franceschi, Rodríguez-deArriba María-Luisa et al.•Sexuality Research and Social…•2024

  • Perpetration and Victimization of Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence in Young Adults in the Philippines

    Open Access•Yang Vincent Liu, Sheila Royo Maxwell•Deviant Behavior•2026

  • Re-faced and Pornified— A Visual, Narrative Analysis of Sexual Scripts in Police Cases of Image-based Abuse

    Open Access•Sidsel Kirstine Harder•The British Journal of Criminology•2023

  • Fun, flirtation and fear

    Open Access•Raksha Janak, D Bhana et al.•Children & Society•2026

  • Cyberflashing Lacan

    Open Access•Sarah M Ramsey, Derek Hook et al.•Psychoanalysis Culture & Society•2024

  • The culture is disgusting

    Open Access•Sophie Whitehead•Journal of Gender Studies•2024

  • A tale of girl-sends-nudes-to-boy? Unscripting sexting in a Dutch school

    Open Access•Willemijn Krebbekx•Journal of Gender Studies•2024

  • Bikinis, nudes and feminist snaps in teenage girls' digital sexual cultures

    Open Access•D Bhana, Zandile Mhlongo et al.•Sexualities•2025

  • Toxic Communication on TikTok

    Open Access•Samuel Tanner, François Gillardin•Social Media + Society•2025

  • Mainstreaming the Manosphere's Misogyny Through Affective Homosocial Currencies

    Open Access•Craig Haslop, Jessica Ringrose et al.•Social Media + Society•2024

  • Young people becoming intimate on social media

    Open Access•D Bhana, Valerie Reddy et al.•Sexualities•2025

  • Happy or Unhappy? Mental Health Correlates of Receiving Sexts and Unsolicited Sexual Images

    Open Access•Beatrice Sciacca, Angela Mazzone et al.•Youth & Society•2024

  • A Latent Profile Analysis of the Consensual and Non-Consensual Sexting Experiences among Canadian Adolescents

    Open Access•Brett Holfeld, Faye Mishna et al.•Youth & Society•2024

  • Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis

    Open Access•M Lazar, Michelle M Lazar•Feminist Critical Discourse…•2005

  • Digital Intimate Publics and Social Media

    Open Access•S Lincoln, BC Pinkard et al.•Digital Intimate Publics and…•2018

  • Between Men

    Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick•Between Men•1985

  • Prevalence of Multiple Forms of Sexting Behavior Among Youth

    Open Access•Sheri Madigan, Aliou Ly et al.•JAMA Pediatrics•2018

  • Image-Based Sexual Abuse

    Clare Mcglynn, Erika Rackley•Oxford Journal of Legal Studies•2017

  • Title unavailable

    Open Access•null null•Philosophy study•2016

  • Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don't…If You're a Girl

    Julia R Lippman, Scott W Campbell•Journal of Children and Media•2014

  • ‘I mean, in my opinion, I have it the worst, because I am white. I am male. I am heterosexual’

    Craig Haslop, Fiona O’rourke•Information Communication & Society•2021

  • Assessing online misogyny

    Open Access•Mairead Moloney, Tony P Love•Sociology Compass•2018

  • Hybrid Masculinities

    Open Access•Tristan Bridges, C J Pascoe•Sociology Compass•2014

  • What Should I Do?”

    Open Access•Sara E Thomas•Sexuality Research and Social…•2017

  • The currency of images

    Ravn, Julia Coffey et al.•Feminist Media Studies•2019

  • Privates in the online public

    Open Access•Michael Salter•New Media & Society•2015

  • Confident’ and ‘hot’ or ‘desperate’ and ‘cowardly’? Meanings of young men’s sexting practices in youth sexting culture

    Open Access•Emily Setty•Journal of Youth Studies•2019

  • Directly in Your Face’

    Open Access•Morten Birk Hansen Mandau•Sexuality & Culture•2019

  • Embodied Harms

    Open Access•Nicola Henry, Anastasia Powell•Violence Against Women•2015

  • Sexting, consent and young people's ethics

    K Albury, K Crawford•Continuum•2012

  • Boobs, back-off, six packs and bits

    Jessica Ringrose, Laura Harvey•Continuum•2015

  • Meanings of Bodily and Sexual Expression in Youth Sexting Culture

    Open Access•Emily Setty•Sex Roles•2018

  • Postfeminist education? Girls and the sexual politics of schooling

    R Duschinsky•Journal of Education Policy•2013

  • Gender undone

    A Nayak, Mary Jane Kehily•British Journal of Sociology of…•2006

  • I’ll Show You Mine so You’ll Show Me Yours

    F Oswald, Alex Stéfano Lopes et al.•The Journal of Sex Research•2019

  • Consensual sexting among adolescents

    Open Access•Nicola Döring•Cyberpsychology Journal of…•2014

  • Teen girls, sexual double standards and 'sexting

    Open Access•Jessica Ringrose, Laura Harvey et al.•Feminist Theory•2013

  • If a girl's photo gets sent around, that's a way bigger deal than if a guy's photo gets sent around

    Rosemary Ricciardelli, Michael Adorjan•Journal of Gender Studies•2019

  • They don't even think about what the girl might think about it

    Open Access•Kristina Hunehäll Berndtsson, Ylva Odenbring•Journal of Gender Studies•2021

  • Only sluts love sexting

    Open Access•Marijke Naezer, Lotte Van Oosterhout•Journal of Gender Studies•2021

  • Homosocial positionings and ambivalent participation

    Open Access•Morten Birk Hansen Mandau•MedieKultur Journal of media and…•2020

  • Men, Sex, and Homosociality

    Open Access•Michael Flood•Men and Masculinities•2008

  • Welcome to the Men's Club

    Open Access•Sharon R Bird•Gender & Society•1996

  • The Making of Class and Gender through Visualizing Moral Subject Formation

    Open Access•Beverley Skeggs, Bev Skeggs•Sociology•2005

Unique citing works51
Citations per year10,2
Citation span2021 - 2026 (6)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 47

Tools

Open DOIOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae