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Polarization and Conflict

Theoretical and Empirical Issues

Bibliographic Data

ID3916246
AuthorsJoan Esteban (0000-0001-7123-4937, Institut d'Anàlisi Económica, CSIC, Barcelona), Gerald Schneider (0000-0002-0091-6217, University of Konstanz)
Year2008
Volume45
Issue2
Pages131-141
Publication date2008-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Peace Research (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-3433 • E-ISSN: 1460-3578
PublisherSAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1177/0022343307087168
OpenAlexW2104980172
LanguageEN
Citations received67
References cited50

Recent formal and empirical research in political science and economics strongly indicates that various forms of political and social polarization increase the risk of violent conflict within and between nation states. The articles collected for this issue explore this crucial relationship and provide answers to a variety of topics: First, contributors address how institutions and other contingent factors mediate the conflict potential in polarized societies. Second, this special issue compares the explanatory power of income polarization with traditional and new measures of inequality. Third, the contributions examine how groups form and coalitions are built in polarized societies and how this affects political decision-making. Finally, the special issue analyses the interconnections between interstate war, internationalized conflict and polarization. This introduction synthesizes the literatures that have been developed on the issue of polarization and conflict in the various social scientific disciplines. The authors particularly discuss the similarities between economic models of conflict and the so-called crisis bargaining literature which has been mainly developed within political science. The article shows the differences between `polarization' and `inequality' and introduces the various measures of diversity that have been used in the study of interstate and intrastate conflict during the past few decades

Economic inequality · Economics · Empirical research · Epistemology · Inequality · Polarization (electrochemistry) · Political economy · Political science · Politics · Positive economics · Social conflict · Sociology · Culture, Economy, and Development Studies · International Development and Aid · Law · Political Conflict and Governance

  • Urban Conflict, Rent Seeking, and Corruption Economic and Political Institutions in a Historical Perspective

    Open Access•Marie-Christine Thaize Challier•Review of European Studies•2018

  • Multidimensional Polarization, Social Classes, and Societal Conflict

    Open Access•Marie-Christine Thaize Challier•Review of European Studies•2016

  • Conflictos silenciosos

    Open Access•Jairo Rivas Belloso•Teoria e Cultura•2019

  • Violent peace

    Rafiqul Islam, Susanne Schech et al.•Conflict Security and Development•2022

  • United or divided in diversity? The heterogeneous effects of ethnic diversity on European and national identities

    Open Access•Dominik Schraff, Ronja Sczepanski•European Union Politics•2022

  • The Illusion of ‘Peace Through Power-Sharing’

    Paulina Pospieszna, Gerald Schneider•Civil Wars•2013

  • The Displaced as ‘Ordinary Citizens’

    Open Access•Gwendolyn Sasse, Alice Lackner•Europe Asia Studies•2020

  • Elite Polarization and the Electoral Impact of Left-Right Placements

    Open Access•Matthew Singer•Latin American Research Review•2016

  • Educating for Peace through Countering Violence

    Candice Carter, Raj Kumar Dhungana•Educating for Peace through…•2023

  • Resolving Controversy in the European Union

    Open Access•Rob Thomson, Robert Thomson•Resolving Controversy in the…•2011

  • Linking Conflict to Inequality and Polarization

    Joan Esteban, Debraj Ray•American Economic Review•2011

  • What kind of ‘world order’? An artificial neural networks approach to intensive data mining

    Open Access•Massimo Buscema, Guido Ferilli et al.•Technological Forecasting and…•2017

  • Political Polarization and Compromise in Secession Politics1

    Open Access•Kristopher Ramsay, Iztok Prezelj•International Studies Quarterly•2026

  • Together alone

    Open Access•Tanzhe Tang, Amineh Ghorbani et al.•Quality & Quantity•2021

  • Ethnic distribution, effective power and conflict

    Open Access•Matija Kovacic, Claudio Zoli•Social Choice and Welfare•2021

  • Epistemic competition in global governance

    Open Access•Cynthia Couette•Global Policy•2024

  • Mapping the US Bridgebuilding Field

    Open Access•Gabrielle Mathews, Karen Ro•Conflict Resolution Quarterly•2026

  • Applying conflict resolution insights to the hyper‐polarized , society‐wide conflicts threatening liberal democracies

    Open Access•Guy Burgess, Heidi Burgess et al.•Conflict Resolution Quarterly•2022

  • Turnout and the distortion of representation

    Open Access•Alan Al Yussef•Public Choice•2026

  • The role of polarization and hostility on equilibria in a simple class of symmetric conflict models

    Open Access•Fausto Cavalli, Mario Gilli et al.•Theory and Decision•2025

  • Disrupting polarized discourses

    Open Access•Chloe H Lucas, Russell Warman•Environment and Planning C…•2018

  • Reframing Frame Analysis

    Marie-Eve Desrosiers•Ethnopolitics•2011

  • Quantifying Indonesia's Ethnic Diversity

    Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Ananta et al.•Asian Population Studies•2015

  • From polarization of the public to polarization of the electorate

    Open Access•Michele Fenzl, Jonathan Slapin et al.•European Union Politics•2022

  • International Climate Cooperation and the Watershed of Policy Streams

    Stephen Groff•Journal of Comparative Policy…•2022

  • Flexible minds make more moderate views

    Open Access•Kevin Winter, Annika Scholl et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2022

  • Fight like hell”

    Open Access•Charlie R Crimston, Jolanda Jetten et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2024

  • Decomposing changes in income polarization by population group

    Open Access•Chiara Ricci, Chiara Assunta Ricci et al.•Economia Politica•2021

  • The impact of climate change mitigation policies on European labour markets

    Open Access•Eva Alexandri, José-Ignacio Antón et al.•Ecological Economics•2023

  • Ethnic Minority Rule and Civil War Onset How Identity Salience, Fiscal Policy, and Natural Resource Profiles Moderate Outcomes

    Open Access•Dan Miodownik, Ravi Bhavnani•Conflict Management and Peace…•2011

  • Rebel constituencies and rebel violence against civilians in civil conflicts

    Open Access•Martin Ottmann•Conflict Management and Peace…•2015

  • Ethnic fractionalization, natural resources and armed conflict

    Open Access•Tim Wegenast, Tim C Wegenast et al.•Conflict Management and Peace…•2013

  • The Impact of Institutional Coup-Proofing on Coup Attempts and Coup Outcomes

    Tobias Böhmelt, Ulrich Pilster•International Interactions•2014

  • The More Fragmented the Better?—The Impact of Armed Forces Structure on Defection during Nonviolent Popular Uprisings

    Philipp M Lutscher•International Interactions•2015

  • Gender Inequality and State Security

    Brittnee Carter, Benjamin Rogers et al.•Women & Criminal Justice•2023

  • The Long-Term Evolution of Income Polarisation in China, 1995-2018

    Haiyuan Wan, F Clementi•The Journal of Development Studies•2021

  • Political conflict on Instagram during the Covid-19 pandemic in Europe

    Ofra Klein, Hans‐jörg Trenz et al.•Journal of Information Technology…•2024

  • Do Middle Classes Bring Institutional Reforms

    Open Access•Norman Loayza, Jamele Rigolini et al.•2012

  • Violent Resistance

    Open Access•Corinna Jentzsch•Violent Resistance•2022

  • Economic inequality and the long-term future

    Open Access•Adam T Schmidt, Daan Juijn•Politics Philosophy & Economics•2023

  • Double versus Triple Majorities

    Rob Thomson•West European Politics•2013

  • Method Bias in Comparative Research

    Robert Neumann, Peter Graeff•Journal of Mathematical Sociology•2013

  • Spatial Polarization of the Ecological Footprint Distribution

    Open Access•Jordi Teixidó-Figueras, Juan Antonio Duro•Ecological Economics•2014

  • Identity and off-diagonals

    Open Access•Peter J Boettke, Henry A Thompson•Public Choice•2022

  • Land reform and peasant revolution. Evidence from 1930s Spain

    Open Access•Jordi Domenech, Francisco Herreros•Explorations in Economic History•2017

  • Monitoring the consensus or driving polarization? Comparing journalistic coverage of anti-Green pass and anti-war protests in France and Italy (2021–2024)

    Open Access•Robin Piazzo, Giuliana Sorci et al.•Media War & Conflict•2026

  • What type of Europe? The salience of polity and policy issues in European Parliament elections

    Open Access•Daniela Braun, Swen Hutter et al.•European Union Politics•2016

  • Unknown is unloved? Diversity and inter-population trust in Europe

    Open Access•Debby Gerritsen, Debby L Gerritsen et al.•European Union Politics•2010

  • Obstructing integration

    Open Access•Lauren Peritz•European Union Politics•2018

  • Group-based public opinion polarisation in multi-party systems

    Open Access•Denise Traber, Lukas F Stoetzer et al.•West European Politics•2023

  • War and identity

    Open Access•Gwendolyn Sasse, Alice Lackner•Post-Soviet Affairs•2018

  • Understanding the Sensitivity of Party Identification Questions in Polarized African Contexts

    Open Access•Justine Davis, Justine M Davis et al.•Political Behavior•2025

  • Power Concentration and Interstate Conflict

    Open Access•James Lee Ray, Patrick Bentley•Journal of Theoretical Politics•2010

  • Does Globalization Breed Ethnic Discontent

    Open Access•Olzak, Susan Olzak•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2011

  • Institutional design and polarization. Do consensus democracies fare better in fighting polarization than majoritarian democracies

    Open Access•Kamil Bernaerts, Benjamin Blanckaert et al.•Democratization•2023

  • From the streets to the ballots

    Open Access•Amalie Nilsen•Democratization•2025

  • Electoral Rule Disproportionality and Platform Polarization

    Open Access•Konstantinos Matakos, Orestis Troumpounis et al.•American Journal of Political…•2016

  • Obstacle to Peace? Ethnic Geography and Effectiveness of Peacekeeping

    Open Access•Jessica Di Salvatore•British Journal of Political…•2020

  • Community and consent

    Open Access•I Svensson, Mathilda Lindgren•European Journal of International…•2011

  • Inherently vulnerable? Ethnic geography and the intensity of violence in the Bosnian civil war

    Open Access•Jessica Di Salvatore•Political Geography•2016

  • Secessionist conflict and affective polarization

    Open Access•Laia Bacell I Ventura, Andrew Kuo et al.•Journal of Peace Research•2023

  • On Pride, Flags and Flowers

    Open Access•Sophia Solomon, Kobi Gal•Religions•2022

  • Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy

    Open Access•Jennifer Mccoy, Tahmina Rahman et al.•American Behavioral Scientist•2018

  • Deadly elections

    Open Access•Henrik Angerbrandt•The Journal of Modern African…•2018

  • Consent or Conflict

    Open Access•Vincent Busken, Vincent Buskens et al.•Journal of Peace Research•2008

  • Bargaining under polarization

    Open Access•Sigifredo Laengle, Gloria Loyola et al.•Journal of Peace Research•2020

  • Radical Distrust

    Open Access•Hans Pitlik, Martin Rode•Social Indicators Research•2021

  • In the Shadow of Power

    Robert Powell•In the Shadow of Power•1999

  • Nations at War

    Open Access•Daniel S Geller, Judith D Singer•Nations at War•1998

  • Conflict and Distribution

    Open Access•Joan Esteban, Debraj Ray•Journal of Economic Theory•1999

  • Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars

    José García Montalvo, Marta Reynal-Querol•American Economic Review•2005

  • Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance

    Alberto Alesina, Eliana La Ferrara•Journal of Economic Literature•2005

  • Fractionalization

    Open Access•Alberto Alesina, Arnaud Devleeschauwer et al.•Journal of Economic Growth•2003

  • On the Measurement of Polarization

    Joan Esteban, Joan-Maria Esteban et al.•Econometrica•1994

  • Politics Among Nations

    Ramon Pacheco Pardo•Politics Among Nations•2017

  • What Difference Do Polarisation Measures Make? An Application to China

    Xiaofeng Zhang, Ravi Kanbur•The Journal of Development Studies•2001

  • The Power-Conflict Story

    Kelly Kadera•The Power-Conflict Story•2001

  • Polarization, Politics, and Property Rights

    Philip Keefer, Stephen Knack•2000

  • The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes

    Juan J Linz, Juan Linz et al.•The Breakdown of Democratic…•1978

  • Patterns of democracy

    Laura Morales Diez De Ulzurrun•Choice Reviews Online•2000

  • The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes

    Juan J Linz, Juan Linz•The breakdown of democratic…•1978

  • Greed and grievance in civil war

    Paul Collier•Oxford Economic Papers•2004

  • Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country

    Open Access•James D Fearon•Journal of Economic Growth•2003

  • Polarization

    Open Access•Jean-Yves Duclos, Joan Esteban et al.•Econometrica•2004

  • Polarization, Politics and Property Rights

    Open Access•Philip Keefer, Stephen Knack•Public Choice•2002

  • Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict

    Edward Miguel, Shanker Satyanath et al.•Journal of Political Economy•2004

  • The Politics of Accommodation

    Arend Lijphart•Politics of Accommodation•1968

  • Theory of international politics

    Kenneth Neal Waltz•Theory of international politics•1979

  • The Perils of Polarization

    Open Access•Timothy Frye•World Politics•2002

  • An Evaluation of “Does Economic Inequality Breed Political Conflict?” Studies

    Open Access•Mark Lichbach, Mark Irving Lichbach•World Politics•1989

  • Empirical Support for Systemic and Dyadic Explanations of International Conflict

    Open Access•Bruce Bueno De Mesquita, David Lalman•World Politics•1988

  • Systemic Polarization and the Occurrence and Duration of War

    Open Access•Bruce Bueno De Mesquita•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1978

  • Measuring Systemic Polarity

    Open Access•Bruce Bueno De Mesquita•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1975

  • Colorful Community or Ethnic Witches' Brew

    Open Access•Tanja Ellingsen•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2000

  • Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars

    Open Access•Marta Reynal-Querol•Journal of Conflict Resolution•2002

  • Tau-b or Not Tau-b

    Curtis S Signorino, Jeffrey M Ritter•International Studies Quarterly•1999

  • Party Polarization and "Conflict Extension" in the American Electorate

    Geoffrey C Layman, Thomas M Carsey•American Journal of Political…•2002

  • The Economic Costs of Conflict

    Alberto Abadie, Javier Gardeazabal•American Economic Review•2003

  • Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability

    Open Access•Karl W Deutsch, Judith D Singer•World Politics•1964

  • Polarization and Policy Reform

    Open Access•René Torenvlied, Carolien M Klein Haarhuis•Journal of Peace Research•2008

  • Polarization, Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Civil Conflict

    Open Access•Gudrun Østby•Journal of Peace Research•2008

  • Does Terrorism Influence Domestic Politics? Coalition Formation and Terrorist Incidents

    Open Access•Indridi H Indridason, Indridi Indridason•Journal of Peace Research•2008

  • Polarization and Ethnic Conflict in a Widened Strategic Setting

    Open Access•Erika Forsberg•Journal of Peace Research•2008

  • Polarization, Fractionalization and Conflict

    Open Access•Joan Esteban, Debraj Ray•Journal of Peace Research•2008

  • Polarization and Interstate Conflict

    Open Access•Håvard Hegre•Journal of Peace Research•2008

  • Rules That Matter

    Open Access•Gerald Schneider, Nina Wiesehomeier•Journal of Peace Research•2008

  • Consent or Conflict

    Open Access•Vincent Busken, Vincent Buskens et al.•Journal of Peace Research•2008

  • Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer than Others

    Open Access•James D Fearon•Journal of Peace Research•2004

  • Bipolarity and War

    Open Access•Frank Whelon Wayman•Journal of Peace Research•1984

  • Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816-1992

    Open Access•Håvard Hegre•American Political Science Review•2001

  • Measuring the Concentration of Power in the International System

    Open Access•James Lee Ray, Judith D Singer•Sociological Methods & Research•1973

Unique citing works67
Citations per year3,72
Citation span2008 - 2026 (19)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 59

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